Private sector bank Essay Example for Free

insular sector banking company Essay1. Difference of recruitmentPublic sector banks recruit mainly through bank exams and state-supported notices. Private banks, on the some other hand, prefer campus placements and referrals. For entry level jobs too, private banks usually go through campus placements. You would seldom find a unexclusive notice issued by a private bank for recruitments.2. Difference of vacanciesPublic sector banks go by the vacancy rules laid by the government. There is a certain segment of vacancies reserved for OBCs and SC/STs. There be no reservations in private sector banks. The reservations make it harder to find a job in a public sector bank.3. Difference in growthOne of the banes of public sector banks is slow growth. If you get recruited at the entry level in a public sector bank, you would take forever to reach the higher levels. There are certain rules for promotion and salary is fixed according the level you are working at. Promotions in publi c sector banks are usually not done on merit, but other criteria laid down by the government.On the other hand, growth can be warm and robust in a private sector bank job. In the private sector, you get promotions on merit, and if you are good, sky is the limit for you.4. Difference in working environmentLargely, the working environment of private and public sector banks is the same. However, private sector banks are generally more than competitive than the public sector banks, although that situation is changing fast. In a private sector bank, you usually have to meet tough targets, and stand by to the deadlines. You could be working longer hours very often in private sector banks in order to meet your targets and deadlines.The environment is more relaxed in a public sector bank, but that by no means implies you do not have work in the public sector.5. Difference in apply platefulLargely, the pay scale in private and public sector banks is the same. However, according to rece nt studies done on the field, it has been seen that public sector banks pay more compared to private sector banks, when the working hours are taken into consideration.However, since the growth in public sector banks can be slow, the advantage of higher pay scale is usually negated. As for the question, whether to work in a private sector or a public sector bank, the difference between both the sectors is fast diminishing. If you have a choice, go for a bank that offers opportunities for growth, which could be a public sector bank or a private sector bank too.

Slide animation Essay Example for Free

Slide vitality EssaySuccessful presenting entails focusing on important promontorys, controlling the flow of information, and holding the audiences arouse in the presentation. We mass include two fibres of animation within a slideway and from slide to slide. Animation on a slide, often called builds, determines how and when objects on the slide appear. Animation from slide to slide, called transitions, specifies how a new slide appears after the previous slide disappears. The last version of the PowerPoint includes powerful animation effects and features. Animation force out certainly enliven a presentation, nevertheless too much animation will distract the audience from the main message. All professionals make the same point about animation pick one or two effects and stick to them. This principle applies to both animation on a slide and transitions betwixt slides. Animating objects has an additional purpose to focus the audiences attention on what one is saying. To animate a slide, one needs to know what he is going to say while that slide is displayed and in what order.He then uses that order to determine the order in which the objects appear on the slide. Object animation is sometimes called a build because the objects build up on the screen, one after another. One can control the following aspects of the animation How the object appears. In what conferenceing the object appears. For example, text most often appears paragraph by paragraph but can appear by the word or change surface by the letter. Whether the animation occurs when one clicks the mouse or automatically after a preset number of seconds. Whether a sound plays during the animation. What happens, if anything, after the animation. For example, one can change the color of a previously displayed object when the next object appears or hide it completely. For a quick solution, PowerPoint offers animation schemes a complete group of settings that one can quickly assign to a sli de or presentation. Animation schemes apply only to slide titles and text placeholders. To animate other objects the bespoke animation is used. Several animation schemes withal include slide transitions.When one animates placeholder text, all the text in the placeholder is considered one object. However, it is automatically invigorate paragraph by paragraph that is, bullet by bullet, which is usually what is wanted. To animate by word or even letter, the custom animation is used too. For to a greater extent control over animation, than the animation schemes proposed one need to create own settings. New features of custom animation include attaching more than one animation type to an object, animating an object along a path, and animating an object when another object is clicked.The number of the animation options that are included is vast. One can also animate objects such as AutoShapes and text boxes. Because these objects often serve to draw attention anyway, adding animation to them only increases the effect. One can animate WordArt text too. some other type of animation controls how each new slide appears. Because these effects control the transition from one slide to another, they are called transitions.While some of these effects pitch the same names as animations, they look quite different when applied to an entire slide. Transitions, like slide animation, has to be used with reserve. Many options are available, but that doesnt mean that one should use them all in one presentation. One of the best solutions is to choose a simple transition and apply it to each slide in the presentation. If the presentation is divided into sections, one could use a second transition to introduce each new section.

Death Penalty Essay Example for Free

Death Penalty EssayDeath penalty has been an inalienable part of human union and its legal system for centuries, regarded as a necessary deterrent to dangerous crimes and a way to liberate the community from dangerous criminals. However, later on this token of punishment came to be regarded as a crime against humanistic ideals by many, and its validity in the legal system has been questioned. Until now, the debate rages on. But Im here to tell you that the closing penalty is the right thing to do Background The first established death penalty laws date as utmost back as the Eighteenth Century B. C. E. in the Code of King Hammurabi of Babylon, which codified the death penalty for 25 different crimes. The death penalty was similarly part of the Fourteenth Century B. C. E. s Hittite Code in the Seventh Century B. C. s Draconian Code of Athens, which made death the hardly punishment for all crimes and in the Fifth Century B. C. s Roman law of the Twelve Tab allows. Death senten ces were carried step to the fore by such means as crucifixion, drowning, beating to death, burning alive, and impalement. In the Tenth Century A. D. , hanging became the usual method of execution in Britain.In the following century, William the Conqueror would not get out persons to be hanged or otherwise executed for any crime, except in times of war. This trend would not last, for in the Sixteenth Century, under the reign of heat content VIII, as many as 72,000 people are estimated to deport been executed. Some common methods of execution at that time were boiling, burning at the stake, hanging, beheading, and drawing and quartering. Executions were carried out for such capital disrespects as marrying a Jew, not confessing to a crime, and treason. The number of capital crimes in Britain continued to rise throughout the next two centuries.By the 1700s, 222 crimes were punishable by death in Britain, including stealing, cutting down a tree, and robbing a rabbit warren. Because of the severity of the death penalty, many juries would not convict defendants if the offense was not serious. This lead to reforms of Britains death penalty. From 1823 to 1837, the death penalty was eliminated for over 100 of the 222 crimes punishable by death. And in America over 38 states use the death penalty. Now that tells me that almost 50% of the United States uses he death penalty and even john Haynes from the book the death penalty even agrees with me..Mistakesnow lets move on to mistakes , as we all know back then several ages ago we didnt have the technology that we do have now. But wait now that we have the worlds smartest people, well at least some. They can assure you that we will give correct D. N. A. answers And if I was to give you a percentage of how many we have gotten correct I would say 100%. Cost of death vs. life in prison So in the case for money which is better, I would say that the death penalty is a lot better and its cheaper than keeping the prisoner th ere and waiver through trial after trial after trial, I mean this could go on for weeks and even up to monthsThe death penalty salute the judicature 1. 5 million- 5. 1 million dollars. The cost of keeping the prisoner $22,218 to 50,000 per year In conclusion I know that the death penalty may cost more but do we really want to have our citizens life in danger, I know I dont. Any condition of the crime rate cancellation would become viable if the crime rate at least for murders goes sharply down. At present, however, capital punishment serves as an important breastwork on the way of criminals ready to take another persons life.

Mens Rea An Enormous Aspect Of Criminal Law Philosophy Essay

Mens Rea An Enormous Aspect Of Criminal Law Philosophy EssayMens Rea is an enormous aspect of shepherds crook law. Is the kind divisor that beseeched by the definition of a circumstantial crime and it encompass three degrees bearing, recklessness and negligence. The most reprehensible form of mens rea is blueprint, as it is more than censur adapted to run harm premeditatedly and additionally is used in more crucial offences such as murder which demands intention to kill or to obtain Grevious Bodily Harm. A part of analysts bringed negligence as the third degree of mens rea, as it refers to a failure to ac association the dangers. Hence, it will be evaluated as a distinctive guideline of blame as it mentions to the absence of a state of mind. Notwithstanding, mens rea is engaged with the appellants state of mind at the time of the modus operandius reus, which covers everything except of the suspects state of mind, as it often illustrates the wicked act. Conjointly, the doct rine of transferred malice, appoint liability to the defendant of an offence if he has the appropriate intention and accomplished the actus reus on a different somebody than the intended. 0n this wise, in Latimer1, the defendant attempted to blow at one person but he missed and crashed one other, thus the doctrine of transferred malice exists, as the mens rea is the same. Consequently, in order for a criminal liability to subsist, the actus reus and the mens rea must coincide. Obviously mens rea associates with serious crimes such as homicide, theft and burglary, which nurture a wide clasp of elements in order to recognise the intention of the defendant.Homicide is an enormous aspect of criminal law which includes all the unlawful killings. The main categories of them are murder and manslaughter. All the homicide offences have a common actus reus, the unlawful killing. If the defendant has the mens rea for the murder, accordingly the prima facie liability for the murder starts to exist. At this stage the jury has to consider if the defendant has the defence of aggravation or diminished responsibility. If he has so, then he is liable(p) of voluntary manslaughter, but if he has non, then he is liable for murder. On the other hand, if the defendant does not have the appropriate intention for murder, then he is convicted with involuntary manslaughter. As inform to section 1 of the Homicide Act killing shall not pith to murder unless done with malice aforethought2, which was illustrated in Cunningham3, as express and implied malice. Express malice divided into two sections, direct and oblique malice. Direct malice, is an continuous intention to kill someone and oblique malice, is not the prime purpose of the defendant. He has no intention to cause death but nevertheless, as a result of his actions, the victim died. Hence, if the jury has satisfied that at the time when the defendant recognised that fatal consequences would be virtually certain to result from his actions, then in that location is an intention to kill even thought there is no actual desire to achieve that result. In Woolin4, the defendant had thrown his baby causing him to die. Woolin did not intent to kill his baby, but he could foresight that his actions was about to cause the death of the baby. Moreover, another aspect of malice aforethought is implied malice. This indicates that, the defendants main intention is to cause GBH but as a result of his actions, the victim dies.In consonance with section 85, the jury has to consider all the evidence, before adjudicated that the defendant is guilty of murder, and not only if he intended or foresaw a result of actions as a natural and probable consequence. In other words, the jury has to consider only the appellants subjective state of mind. According to this section, a jury has the opportunity to conclude about the mental state of the accused from the objective view of the honest man and if they decided that a reasona ble man would intended to cause death or serious injury, then they will be persuaded that the defendant did. In Moloney6, the jury could argue that the defendant foresaw the consequences of his actions as a natural consequence, so he is liable for the death of the victim even if he did not craving or desire to kill him. On the other hand, if the accused did not have the intention to kill or to cause serious injury, as happened in Hancock and Shankland7, then the convictions of murder overturned to those of manslaughter. This is able to happen only if death was not a natural consequence but a probability. As it was stated in Nedrick8, the evidence of foresight is intention evidence. The judges directed the jury to consider if the death was intended, as natural consequence becomes virtual certainty, as I mentioned above.Apparently, as the mens rea in murder is intention to kill or to cause GBH, under the Homicide Act9there are three defences which decrease liability from murder to vo luntary manslaughter. These defences are provocation, diminished responsibility and felo-de-se pact. If the appellant is liable for murder, meaning that he has the appropriate elements of actus reus and mens rea, and he buttocks rely on one of the above defences, then he is liable for manslaughter. Under section 310, a person who charged with murder, was provoked by things said or done or both, to lose his self-control. Pursuant to this the jury has to indentify if the defendant actually provoked to act and whether a reasonable person would be provoked to act as the defendant did. Section 211, illustrates the defence of diminished responsibility, where a person cannot convicted of murder if he suffers from an abnormality of mind, as this disorder invalidated his mental responsibility of what he is doing. Additionally, section 412demonstrates the defence of suicide pacts. The defendant kills the victim if there is a common agreement between two or more parties and the object of tha t agreement is death. This indicate that if a person convicted with murder, then if he has the appropriate proof that he was acting under a suicide pact then he would be liable for manslaughter. In some cases manslaughter can be caused due to negligent actions of the defendant, as he has a trade of care towards the victim. If he failed to perform his duty then he is in a faulting of duty and that may cause the death of the victim. In Adomako13, the breach of that duty caused the death of the victim. I think that people who have duty of care towards others, must be able to recognise if there is a surmise for a death and try to avoid it.Pursuant to the Theft Act 1968, a person is guilty of theft if he dishonest appropriates property be to another with the intention of for good depriving the other of it14. Conspicuously, there are two indispensable features of mens rea in theft, dishonesty and the intention of permanently depriving. Dishonesty is the first element of the mens rea in theft and as it construes in section 2(1) of the Theft Act a person cannot be dishonest if he has the presumption that he has the safe in law to deprive the other of the property. Additionally, he cannot be dishonest if the embezzlement accomplished in the belief that the others would acquiesce if they have the knowledge of the theft and if there is an authentic belief that the owner of the property would not be able to detect it by taking reasonable steps. On the contrary, as it reported to section 2(2)15, a person can be found liable for dishonest if he misappropriates the property of someone else, in spite of his desire to assume for the property. In consonance with Feely16, the plaintiff apprehended that his action was dishonest and he said that he has the intention to repay for the stealing. Under those circumstances, the jury has to make a determination whether the facts of dishonesty coexist with the standards of the ordinary decent person. As a result, the Court of Ap peal, in the case of Ghosh17, conceived a test so that to be able to recognise if the appellants behaviour considers as dishonest according to the standards of ordinary decent people. If it was not then he is not dishonest. Howbeit, if his behaviour was acknowledged to be dishonest, then the defendant is not dishonest unless he comprehended that people would regard him as dishonest. Although the crucial ambition of that test was to authorize that dishonestys appraisement could be based on objective and subjective archetypes, it does not abolish the capability between the juries to be inconsistence. Indubitably, if the defendant did not find dishonest, then there is no theft. Intention to permanently deprive is the second element of mens rea in theft. In agreement with section 6(1)18, if a person borrows property which belongs to someone else, then he is not liable for theft. Nevertheless, if he decides to keep the borrowed property, then this situation would be considered as theft, as it stated in Walkington19, in which the defendant took the property with the intention to decide after whether to keep it or not. In Easom20, the defendant had a conditional intention to steal if he found something precious. Besides, this was not adequate to adjudge him of theft. In Lloyd21, the defendant has the intention to treat the property of the true owner as it his own and to deprive the owner of his rights to his property. As Lord Lane stated a chaste borrowing is never enough to constitute the necessary guilty mind unless the intention is to return the thing in such a changed state that it can truly be said that all its goodness or virtue has gone22.Supplementary, burglary is a serious offence which encompasses mens rea. Under section 9(1)(a)23, a person is guilty of burglary if he enters into a building or part of it as an invader, with intention to steal, commit GBH or cause criminal damage. Moreover, section 9(1)(b), specific the offences. go for in line with sectio n 9(1)(a), the defendant at the time of entering into a building must have the appropriate constituent of mens rea, to have the knowledge that his entry is not permitted. In Cunningham24, in order to recognise if a defendant considered himself as a trespasser, a subjective test has been taken. On the contrary, if a person enters into a building with permission, then the doctrine of trespass ab initio takes effect. As the entry has to be unlawful, this principle does not match the offence of burglary. In Collins25, the defendants conviction for burglary, with intent to rape, was revoke as the Court of Appeal cannot be sure that the defendant has the appropriate knowledge that his entrance is unlawful and as it stated, the entry has to be substantial and effective.Accompanying, in ulterior offences, the mens rea has to be acknowledged either in trespass with intention or in trespass which is caused recklessness. However, as Laing26validates, trespass is one of the features of burglary . In that case the defendant entered into a shop, after closing time, but he had not stolen anything and also he had no intention to do so. As is obvious, trespass is an element of burglary but in order for someone to be charged with burglary, he must have the other essential elements of the offence such as intention. The only thing that is required in order to convict someone of stealing is intention. Besides, in some cases the conditional intention is seated. Before 1979 as is illustrated in Husseyn27, conditional intention was not adequate, as the defendant did not have the intention to steal unless he found something precious. Afterwards, in consonance with Attorney Genarals References28, conditional intent will be satisfied, as the only thing that required is intention even if there is nothing outlay in the building to steal.

How The Role Of Women Has Changed History Essay

How The Role Of Women Has Changed History EssayThe role of women has greatly changed since 1840. One of the most significant changes for women has been with the power to have hold in all(prenominal) over their bodies. In the 1840s women had the idea that they were only housewives and that was their duty. This idea is significantly different from that of the 20th century.The political orientation of true fair sexhood was a widespread idea that women and men were make love opposites with almost no common traits that transcended the differences of sexual activity in 1800s. There were two separate spheres women were in charge of the private sphere, or the family sphere, while the men controlled the ordinary sphere, which contained all the politics. Women had the responsibility of teaching their young children, especially educating their young sons to be prominent members of society. This mainly was an ideology that was embraced by the middle- break up white women. Working class w omen did not fit into this category. Some women began to work in factories instead of doing domestic housework, such as the mill girls of Lowell. shady slave women were as well as exempt from this category. hard worker women were not allowed to live with their families, be educated, marry, or raise children-all of which are some of the basic needs to fulfill the ideology of true womanhood. Even though the ideology of true womanhood was a widespread idea, it does not include all women.1843 saw the beginning of the wattward blend inment of Americans. The role of women has not changed in unfermented-made years. On the trail, women had the responsibilities of childbearing and childrearing. These women lived out of wagons for half a year or longer, where they cooked and cleaned and raised the children as best they could. This decision to uproot and make the journey to the west caused a great deal of domestic tensions. One woman, Keturah Belknap, recorded a fight between a wife and a husband from a near-by wagon, She wants to worm back and he wont, so she says he will go and leave him . . . with that crying baby. She wrote, I heard a muffled cry and a heavy thud as if something was thrown a crystalizest the wagon box. She then heard the woman cry. Oh youve killed it, to which the husband replied, he would give her more of the same. When women had to deviate from their distinct responsibilities, such as keeping house, and religious service the men with their responsibilities, they were reluctant rather than seizing the chance to show that they could do a mans job. Women did not complain that the work was difficult, but more that it was unladylike. White women were not the only women that suffered along these journeys. Mexican women that were living in the south were pushed aside as American women moved their way into their lands. These self-identified respectable white women shunned prostitutes and female adventurers. Indian women were degraded to the status of domestic servants and at the clock time of the outbreak of the civil war, Mexican women were beginning to be of the same status.Womens sexuality was heavily suppressed during these time periods. The average period between births for whit women specifically in 1850 was twenty-nine months, it is a reasonable assumption that many an(prenominal), possibly most, women were either pregnant, nursing or pity for infants while living on the wagons. However, pregnancy was not discussed familiarly even though confinement of the pregnant women was not possible while living on the wagons. Historians can only deduct that a woman was pregnant was through a womans references to getting sick, followed soon afterward by mention of a new child. An example of this scratchs from the writing of Amelia Stewart Knight in her 1853 trail diary. She wrote, Got my washout and cooking done and started on again . . . (here I was sick all night, caused by my washing and working as well hard). Then, with in two weeks and her trip almost to an end, she gave birth to her eighth child. The entire time she had been pregnant and had not directly referred to it in her diary. at a time the journey was at an end and the white Americans begin their lives in the West, the Native Women and Mexican citizens were not fairing so well. They were pushed aside in the beginning were violently pushed to the side, were flat experiencing conquest and displacement. This expansion set women against each opposite on the basis of race, culture and ethnicity. Hunger and diseases that were brought by the emigrating white Americans were spreading through the Plains Indian tribes. The Indian women were forced to beg for food and money. Many Native women began to hang around US Army forts and trade posts where they had informal sexual and domestic unions with white men. Unfortunately, these transaction never worked out. Once the white men found a white woman he wanted to marry, he abandoned the Native woman. In many cases this happened and the womans Native communities would not allow them to return, so they ended up on the edge of white culture, serving as domestic servants to white women and prostitutes to white men. As prostitutes, these women were often met with scorn and called a black dirty squaw. The word squaw was originally used as a name for Indian Woman but had come to have a negative implication of sexual degradation and unrelenting, unrewarded, and unskilled female labor.The Antebellum reforms came in 1840 and continued up until the Civil War. These reformers pushed beyond constituted social and cultural norms in their attempts to improve, even perfect, both the individual and society. Women played a prominent role in these reforms. Their modest efforts on behalf of their communitys welfare were congruous with domesticity and female respectability. Over time their dedication to moral and social causes pushed them beyond their homebound roles and allotted sphere. Some wome n even made the step into new gender territory. Womens enthusiasm for moral reforms suggests that family and sexual life were important concerns to women antebellum reformers. The nuclear family that was central to the idea of domesticity was also a place of domestic violence, sexual demoralize and female disempowerment. Many women antebellum reformers called for more radical changes in womens sexual and reproductive lives. Womens menstrual, reproductive and sexual dissatisfaction made them eager advocates and consumers of health reform. These women did not send the questionable diagnoses of regular physicians so many health activists developed alternative therapeutic methods to increase body vitality using only natural and non-evasive approaches. They also urged women to take cold water baths and wear loose-fitting clothing which would offer comfort to those women who were worn out from too many and too frequent pregnancies. bloody shame Gove Nichols was an outspoken critic of t he sexual abuses hidden with in marital life. She gave dialectes about womens sexuality, their frustrations and sufferings in marriage. Few nineteenth century women ever encountered such direct speech about female sexuality. Womens rights were talking a big stride during this time period and women were being more outspoken about their bodies and their sexual well-being.There was a great reconstruction period from 1865 until the 1900. During this time there came a great change in womens lives. In the North, women were challenging the government and looking for equal rights for women. Black women in the South were confronting the challenges and dangers of their newfound freedom. After the defeat of the Confederacy in the Civil War, slaves were beginning to become educated and have families of their own. However, there were many racial conflicts in the aftermath of slavery. Whites charged that black men were sexual predators seeking access to white women. The irony to these accusation s was that under slavery, it was the white man who took advantage of their slaves and had free access to black women. Middle class and upper class women created today what is called the Womens Era as they pursued new opportunities ineducation, civic organization and public authority. As the industrial society grew, more women wage earners entered the system and brought with them their determination to join in the efforts to bring democracy to American class relations.Immigration was a big change that came in the nineteenth century as well. Immigrant mothers stayed at home while teenage daughters became their familys secondary wage earners. Young daughters tried to move toward modern society while their mothers tried to keep them in the Old-World traditions. These women also often became domestic servants for white women and they had no choice but to do this degrading work because of poverty.In 1914, there was a great surfacing of feminism. As the votes-for-women campaign gained mom entum, the idea of modernizing womanhood and feminism began to grow. The agenda of these feminists, who were suffragists-but not all suffragists, were feminists- was to embrace female individuality, sexual freedom and birth control. This feminism was more of a cultural development rather than a movement. Rheta Childe Dorr wrote, Feminism was something with dynamite in it. It is the state of mind of women who realize that their whole position in the social order is antiquated . . . made of old materials, worn out laws, customs, conventions, fetishes, traditions and taboos. This feminism brought along with it the birth control movement. Earlier womens rights campaigns had urged women to undertake pregnancy only voluntarily. Harriot Stanton Blach said in her speech in 1891 that, Motherhood is sacred-that is, voluntary motherhood but the woman who bears unwelcome children is outraging every duty she owes the race . . . Women should refuse to prostitute their creative powers, and so jeop ardize the progress of the human race. (pg.349). Margaret Sanger, a daughter of Irish immigrants, opened the first American birth control clinic. Days after it opened she was arrested for promoting birth control. When she was released, she continued to dedicate herself to the cause. Contraception became more acceptable and more wide advertised in the 1920s. But in the prewar years, birth control was a radical idea that challenged traditional ideas of womens sexuality and reproduction.During the Cold War years, another(prenominal) great emphasis was put on domesticity and family life because of the red scare, or the scare of communists. During this time the idea of feminine mystique was brought about. One woman, Betty Friedan, captured this idea. She attacked mass media for encouraging women to gain a sense of personal creativity through the use of cake mixes and floor waxes. She criticized popular magazines for psychologists for prescribing tranquilizers for neurotic women instead of examining the social bases of their unhappiness. In her book, The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan wrote, . . .the occupation that has no name stirring in the minds of so many American women today is not a matter of loss of femininity or too much education, or the demands of domesticity. . . It was in these women that I first began to notice the tell-tale signs of the problem that has no name their personas were full and flat, or nervous and jittery they were listless and bored, or frantically busy around the house or community. They talked about fulfillment in the wife-and-mother terms of the mystique, but they were desperately eager to talk about this other problem with which they seemed to be familiar with. The ideology of feminine mystique is best understood as a prescription for female behavior indicted by those Americans eager to beef up strict gender roles, and therefore find a means of social order.The feminist movement also encouraged women to exercise control over the ir bodies. Women electric discharge groups particularly addressed womens health and reproduction along with the issues of abuse and violence. A major concern was rape and other sorts of violence towards women and to bring it to the attention of the public. in the first place womens liberation groups, rape victims were accused of dressing provocatively and asking for it. As they women brought this problem forward, it came clear how many sexual assaults went unreported. This campaign by women liberators gave women more control over their bodies and focalized also on womens quest for sexual self-determination and its relationship to abortion.As you can see, the idea of control over a womans body and its reproductive rights has greatly changed over since the 1840s. Women used to believe that their only responsibility was childbearing, childrearing and keeping house. Also, that they were subject to their husbands and had no voice. Reforms that began at the beginning of the century allo wed women to have a voice and gain the control they rightly deserved over their own bodies. If these women were not brave enough to make the steps toward individualism, we would not be where we women are today.

South China Sea And East China Sea Disputes Politics Essay

s appearhwest china ocean And eastern United States chinaware ocean Disputes Politics EssayDuring introduction the paper will draw the aspects related to S stunnedh chinaware sea and later on East China ocean matters will be pointed out.The sec China Sea is strategicalally an enormously principal(prenominal) region. Dominance over it is claimed by states of Brunei, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, chinaware and Vietnam.1While China has, over the last 20 years, made general progress towards improving relations with its sou-east Asian neighbours, growing tensions over these competing rights threaten to challenge its powerfulness. Since the military exercises performed by Chinese ships against the US ocean surveillance ship USNS Impecc sufficient in drill on 2009 in the siemens China Sea, situation attracted greater diplomatic and press consideration2. Some observers see Chinas behaviour in the due south China Sea as a sign of assertive diplomacy.3The reign differenc e of opinions are more than disputes over who owns particular landscapes. Theyinvolve major themes of grand strategy and territorial defence, including the defense of sea lines of communication, postcode, food and environmental security. They whitethorn also be linked to rising populist nationalism. The stakes are too high for imminent colony the rulers of states with maritime territorial claims in the South China Sea are convinced that compromise is not in their national enliven.4Actors (also states without claims and non-state actors, much(prenominal) as energy companies) focus not so much on dispute resolution but rather on dispute management, with the aim of preventing conflict and preserving freedom of pi massage and over flight. The non-binding Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, signed in November 2002 by China and by 10 ASEAN member states, dedicates the parties to work towards adopting a legally binding law whilst exercising self-restraint i n the conduct of activities that would complicate or escalate disputes 5One essential point out that the obligation to self-restraint has not put an end to unannounced and potentially provocative rein compelment of already occupied islands.6While diplomats on all sides points out the weaknesses of 2002 declaration, near states undertook one-sided military, bureaucratic and jurisdictional initiatives in the South China Sea, with the sole purpose of changing the political and military status quo.7One must say, that Chinas initiatives bring been particularly prominent.8Following the Impeccable incident, Washington has been paying increased attention to cultivations in the South China Sea.9Although careful to loose its distance regarding sovereignty disputes, the United States has more aggressively highlighted its disport in hold dearing the free transit of vessels, both commercial and military.10Such passage is vital for Americas position in Asia, for the integrity of its regiona l security, and for its ability to observe Chinese military developments.11The US desire to retain this ability to monitor Chinese military development, including the developing Chinese naval base on Hainan, and the Chinese rejection of this right, might be one of the main factors behind the rising tensions.12In testimony to the Senate Armed Services mission in March 2009, the commanding get rid oficer of the US Pacific Command, Admiral Timothy Keating, argued that The Impeccable incident was a troubling indicator that China, particularly in the South China Sea, is behaving in an aggressive and troublesome manner, and theyre not willing to abide by acceptable standards of behaviour or rules of the road 13Moreover, in July 2009, the US Senate military commission on Foreign Relations held hearings on Maritime disputes and sovereignty issues in East Asia to observe how these wereimpacting on the region and US interests there. In January 2010, the new commander of the Pacific Comman d, Admiral Robert F. Willard, highlighted to Congress how Chinese naval guards in the South China Sea had shown an increased willingness to confront regional nations on the high seas and deep down the contested island chains14In February, the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission held an all-day hearing on Chinas activities in southeasterly Asia, with experts reporting about Chinas growing belligerence in the South China Sea and advising that the United States needed to engage more with the region to protect its interests, including taking a more active interest in dispute management.15Concerns over Chinas actions in these waters continued to grow through 2010. At the ASEAN Regional Forum in Hanoi in July 2010, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton made the strongest and more or less direct public recital of US engagement on the issue to date, declaring that the United States had a national interest in open access to Asias maritime commons and respect for internati onal law in the South China Sea.16Calling for a collaborative diplomatic process, she highlighted US opposition to the use or threat of bosom by any claimant, a remark aimed primarily at China.17This is clashes directly with Chinas recent statement that the South China Sea is its core interest.18Tension was raised when the joint naval and air drills conducted by the US and South Koreaee in the Yellow Sea in July and August 2010 where conducted19In response, the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) carried out military exercises in the SouthChina Sea and the Yellow Sea. At the same time, there have been renewed tensions in the East China Sea. On 7 September 2010, two Japanese Coast Guard patrol ships collided with a Chinese fishing boat while they carried out law enforcement activities in the waters off theDiaoyu/ Senkaku Islands.20Chinese captain Zhan Qixiong was detained on the order of an Okinawa local anaesthetic court, sparking demonstrations in Beijing and diplomatic p rotests from China21On the day of the collision, Chinas Foreign Ministry spokeswoman, Jiang Yu, demanded thatJapanese patrol boats refrain from so-called law enforcement activities in waters off the Diaoyu Islands.22The Japanese ambassador to China was summoned six times over the incident, once by Chinese State Councillor Dai Bingguo. The event was not resolved until China suspended diplomatic and civilian exchanges with Japan and threatened to stop rare earth exports23Of course, these events may ultimately prove to be just minor indifferences in diplomatic relations. Whatever the ultimate signifi do-nothingce, these developments raise fundamental questions about the future directionality of territorial disputes in Chinas callline seas. Particularly the importance of the disputes between China, Japan, and the ASEAN nations. The thing is that given their close geographical proximity, disputes in these regions have very different dynamics.24In both cases, China, as a dominant abili ty, is an important claimant state. In the East China Sea, on the opposite side of the ocean from China, is Japan, an opposite major regional power in East Asia. Their mutual relationship is strained cod to such factors as their competition for regional leadership and the historical memories of animosity between them.25So far, there has been no military conflict between them per se as a result of the territorial dispute, but political tensions have been intense.26In the South China Sea, China faces a group of ASEAN nations (including Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam) that represent a more asymmetric isotropy of power when compared withthe East China Sea. Given the long-standing nature of these disputes, these frameworks enable us to track the record of conflicts and the shifts in the relative power balances of the claimants, eventually leading to the conclusion that certainty and stability have improved in the South China Sea, with the converse outcomes hap pening in the East China Sea.2. Core National InterestAccording to Edward Wong, the Beijing-establish correspondent for The New YorkTimesIn March 2010, Chinese authorizeds told two visiting senior Obamaadministration authoritatives, Jeffrey A. Bader and throng B. Steinberg, that Chinawould not tolerate any interference in the South China Sea, now part ofChinas core interest of sovereignty, said an American official involved inChina policy. It was the first time the Chinese labelled the South China Sea acore interest, on par with Taiwan and Tibet, the official said.27There were no U.S. officials denying the NYT report. Its is clear the Chinese are trying to distance themselves from their self-imposed policy on this one28. In March, Assistant attend of Foreign Affairs Cui Tiankai told two senior U.S. officials that China now views its claims to the 1.3 million-square-mile sea on par with its claims to Tibet and Taiwan, an island that China says belongs to Beijing.29Once the remarks were reported in public Chinese officials felt constrained about denying outright that the South China Sea was a not core national interest for fear of provoking a domestic backlash among Chinese nationalists. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has disclosed that at the 2nd U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue in Beijing (24-25 May 2010) the Chinese utter they viewed the South China Sea as a core interest. Clinton stated in an interviewand when China first told us at a meeting of the Strategic and EconomicDialogue that they viewed the South China Sea as a core interest, Iimmediately responded and said, We dont agree with that. So they were onnotice that if they were Question Was that Dai Bingguo that said that to you?Yes, yeah. So if they were in the process of extending their efforts to claimand control to the detriment of international law, freedom of navigation,maritime security, the claims of their neighbors, that was a fearing matter.And therefore, we worked with a lot of the ASEAN countries who are directlyimpacted and 12 of us raised it a the ASEAN Regional Forum last July tomake it clear that issues like that have to be resolved in accordance with therule of law.30Since the initial report, Chinese officials have been equivocal when questionedwhether or not the South China Sea has been raised formally to a core interest orcore national interest. For example, a correspondent who attended the Shangri-laDialogue in Singapore in June 2010 stated that a Peoples Liberation ArmyMajor General told him the South China Sea was not quite the same as Tibet or Taiwan.31The Chinese media ofttimes use the term core interest, particularly in the July-August 2010 period.32For example, an editorial in a leading English-language paperassertedChinas tolerance was sometime taken advantage of by neighbouring countriesto seize unoccupied islands and grab natural resources under Chinassovereignty. Chinas long-term strategic plan should never be taken as a weak stand. It isclear that military clashes would bring bad results to all countries in the regioninvolved, but China will never waive its right to protect its core interest withmilitary means.33A review of Chinese academic and media commentary on this question concludedWhile no Chinese official has spoken about what core national interestsmeans, there is a growing chorus from within the country for the PeoplesLiberation Army to defend these core interests in the disputed region. Recentnews coverage has brought the term core national interests into the samespotlight as national sovereignty and territorial integrity and raises theissue of how China defines the term and what it covers.34Walter Lohman, an expert with Washington-based Heritage Foundation, determinedthat Chinas characterization of South China Sea as a core interest is just a bigmisunderstanding or in the process of being walked back by the Chinese.35As a result of the foregoing, Chinese assertiveness in the South China Sea has gene rated special concerns.36In March 2010, U.S. media reported that Chinese officials told senior State Department envoys that the South China Sea had been elevated to a coreinterest along with Taiwan and Tibet and China would not tolerate any interference in the South China Sea.37Chinese officials repeated this impudence in private conversations with foreign diplomats and the term core interest was used in Chinese media reports. These statements generated a new level of concern about Beijings strategic ambitions in the South China Sea. Subsequently, Chinese officials backtracked and now deny making such astatement .38Still , the issue remained as valid.3.Legal aspectsA) Nature and place of the South China Sea ClaimsThe vast South China Sea region also includes island chains and submerged reefs that have been the subject of disputes, including the Spratly Islands, the Pa cannonball alongl Islands and Macclesfield Bank.) The area became a possible target for exploration by multination al oil companies. In addition, the likelihood of conflict has increased as international maritime laws have slow been codified and institutionalized following World War II. Motivated by the desire to extend control over sea-based resources, neighbouring states in the area have progressively come into verbal conflict and even stray military confrontations over sovereignty, sovereign rights, jurisdiction, and arms control efforts in the South China Sea.39During the 1980s and 1990s, most of the disputing states have found themselves in a race to bolster their claims to sovereignty by gaining occupation of the islands that can support a physical presence or by establishing markers on the islands where physical occupation is not feasible.40In some cases claimants have even built anatomical structures on romps that are completely submerged at high tide, have goting a physical presence on these island specks under arduous and mind-numbing physical conditions. Currently, Vietnam occup ies more than twenty islets or rocks, China occupies eight, Taiwan one, the Philippines eight, and Malaysia three to six.41The race for occupation of the Spratly Islands has increased the likelihood of international conflict, resulting in three cases of military intimidation in recent years (setting aside Chinas use of military force against Vietnamese troops to enforce its claim to the Paracels in 1974), the first of which led to military conflict.42This confrontation occurred between the Chinese and Vietnamese over the occupation of pyrogenous Cross bring down (Yung Shu Jiao) in 1988, at which time the PRC sank three Vietnamese vessels, killing seventy-two people.43In 1992 the Chinese announcement of an oil exploration concession to the U.S. Crestone Company, combined with the occupation of Da Lac Reef and subsequent deployment of three Romeo-class conventional submarines to patrol the area, aroused alarms among the ASEAN states, which had just called for the non-use of force in resolving the Spratly Islands dispute in the Manila Declaration on the South China Sea.44The third incident began with the discovery that the Chinese had occupied Mischief Reef (Meijijiao/Panganiban), a broadside reef well within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the Philippines (following the Philippines announcement of a desktop oil exploration concession in the Mischief Reef area), and involved encounters between military vessels from the Philippines and the PRC in March and April 1995. It was the aptly named Mischief Reef confrontation that has catalyzed the most recent wave of interest and concern over the Spratly Islands issue. That concern was reinforced by PRC military pressures against Taiwan.B)International laws Related to the DisputeThe documentary background for the various territorial claims in the South China Sea is quite thin, and the historical records are often contradictory.45None of the claimants offers unassailable historical or legal claims. The Internatio nal Court of Justice (ICJ) has used effective occupation and discovery as primary considerations in evaluating the legitimacy of island territorial claims, although a features location, its history, and whether other claimants have a record of protesting illegal occupation may be considered in determining the legitimacy of sovereignty claims to particular features.46Separate from the issues of who owns the islands and rocks and whether the submerged reefs of the Spratly Islands can themselves generate maritime zones is the question of whether the islands can sustain mankind habitation or economic life of their own, the minimum criterion for an island to generate its own Continental shelf or EEZ47. Even if human life can be sustained, islands carry lessweight than continental borders in generating EEZs under the prevailing interpretations of the Law of the Sea. Artificial islands on which structures have been built are entitle to a 500-meter safety zone, but they cannot generate a t erritorial sea, much less a continental shelf or EEZ. Features that appear only at low tide can generate a partial twelve-mile territorial sea only if they are within twelve marine miles of any feature that generates a territorial sea. Features submerged at low tide are not subject to sovereignty claims and generate no maritime zones at all. The acceptance by the disputing parties of the prevailing interpretation of these provisions to islands in the South China Sea has the potential to greatly reduce the area of overlapping claims, since some disputants have based their claims on an interpretation that the features themselves can generate an EEZ of up to 200 nautical miles. A strict interpretation of the Law of the Sea provision regarding a features ability to sustain human habitation or economic life of their own may well leave few if any of the features in the Spratly Islands able to generate an EEZ, greatly reducing the potential area ofoverlapping claims. Even if these islands were capable of generating an EEZ, it is unlikely that they would be considered able to generate one of 200 nautical miles.48After sovereignty of the islands is decided, the question of how EEZs might be defined is critical to determining the size and scope of the areas where negotiations might be necessary to resolve territorial disputes. The Law of the Sea expression stipulates that in areas where EEZs overlap, the dispute should be settled through peaceful negotiation among the parties concerned, or the parties might voluntarily agree to third-party mediation or to judicial consideration by the ICJ. There is a slowly evolving body of international legal precedents for evaluating the validity of various claims based on the Law of the Sea, and many disputants have found creative ways to avoid sensitive sovereignty issues through special(a) bilateral joint resource development schemes. The Chinese and Vietnamese claims to sovereignty in the South China Sea are both based on hist orical claims of discovery and occupation.49The Chinese case is split up documented, but the extent of the Chinese claims remains ambiguous and contradictory.50The Japanese occupied the Spratly Islands during World War II and used the island of Itu Aba (Taiping Dao) as cover for surveillance and as a supply depot, but the Japanese claim lapsed with their defeat in World War II.51Taiwans claims to Chinese ownership of the South China Sea are similar to those of the PRC, and there has been some evidence of coordination of positions on the Chinese claims in the Indonesian Workshops on the South China Sea. The Philippine claim is based on the discovery of the unclaimed islands of Kalayaan (Freedomland) by an explorer, Tomas Cloma, in 1956. This is one of the most challenged claims, and the U.S.-Philippines security commitment has been consistently interpreted by the United States as excluding Kalayaan. The Malaysian claim is based on its continental shelf claim. The Bruneian claim is a lso based on a straight-line projection of its EEZ as stipulated by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.52C) Chinas Claims over the Spratly Islands in detailRightly or wrongly, many Western academics have emphasized Chinas approach to handling its claims in the South China Sea as a critical test of Beijings role as a regional and global power in Asia in the 21st century.53In particular, many ASEAN analysts worry that China has since the late 1980s been working to acquire a blue-water navy and other offensive force projection capabilities, such as longer-range aircraft, aerial refueling capabilities, and more modern, harder-to-detect submarine technology, with potential negative implications for the security interests of neighboring countries in Southeast Asia. The Peoples Liberation Army navy has pick out a strategic doctrine of offshore active defense.54This doctrine envisions a midterm (10-15 years) ocean-going naval capability in which the PLA navy would be able to assert e ffective control of the seas within the first island chain, presumably including Taiwan and the South China Sea.55Although the Chinese navy is currently limited in its offshore capabilities and although development of indigenous production capability is taking place at a rather slow pace, concerns among Southeast Asian countries about the future development of the PLAs force projection capabilities have heightened ASEAN sensitivities to Chinese naval actions in the South China Sea region. Off-the-shelf purchases of foreign military technology such as SU-27s, Kilo-class submarines, and other military equipment from Russia that could speed up Chinas military development have attracted notice from Chinas neighbors however, the time required to learn new technologies and integrate them into Chinas existing force structure and to make them operational suggests that any increase in Chinas military capacity will be incremental rather than dramatic56. In response, some Southeast Asian count ries have begun to take limited but significant military modernization steps of their own, meant to enhance their command and control capabilities, thereby creating the potential for a regional arms race around the South China Sea. There is conflicting analysis of Chinas strategy and tactics in pursuing its claims to the Spratly Islands area. Given the PRCs limited capability to take and hold the islands it claims, some see a pattern of hot-and-cold tactics by China that is intended to throw the other claimants off balance until the PRC is able to enforce its claim through intimidation or force.57These analysts point to Chinese salami tactics, in which China tests the other claimants through aggressive actions, therefore backs off when it meets significant resistance.58Chinas ambiguity on the extent and nature of its claims is regarded as a tactical plot to stall or defer any get down to achieve a negotiated settlement until China is prepared to get what it wants through military strength.59Other analysts emphasize that while the political issue of sovereignty is a particularly sensitive one during a period of political transition in Beijing, the top goal of the PRC leadership for the foreseeable future is to maintain a stable environment conducive to Chinas economic development. These analysts assert that Chinas defense strategy of active defense is still focused primarily on continental defense and the ability to react to localized conflicts.60Chinas actions in the Spratly Islands area are seen as primarily defensive, preserving Chinas options vis--vis the other claimants as the Law of the Sea is applied. In addition, some experts have suggested that the South China Sea dispute cannot be solved in isolation from Chinas other maritime disputes in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea.61These experts suggest that China may feel landlocked and therefore geographically disadvantaged.62Such a condition might make these maritime border disputes more difficult to settle because the strategic stakes for a China encircled by discrete maritime boundaries would be too high. Given the reverberations from sporadic military confrontations in the South China Sea in recent years, all parties have reason to be vigilant for opportunities to pursue progress on the Spratly Islands issue.Ef

Of Nightingales That Weep by Katherine Paterson Essay -- Of Nightingal

Of Nightingales That Weep Chapter 1This chapter is most Takiko and her first family home. It tells a lot about her family. They talk about the war In this chapter also. Takikos mother decides that she will remarry after her father dies. Takikos finds out that her father is died.Chapter 2This chapter the concord tells about Goro who is Takikos stepfather. Takiko finds out that Goro is a injured man. She thinks it will be very hard to live with Goro because of his problem.Chapter 3This chapter tells about Takiko living with Goro for a some months now. It tells how the family has a party for the new year, and they hope that the family will work out.Chapter 4This chapter is about the child that Takikos mother has. She has the baby with Goro. This is when Takiko thinks about her future and she wants to expire the farm and go on into the city and start a new life there.Chapter 5This chapter is about when Takiko starts her new free life in the capital. She finds a job with the Emperor a nd makes money to survive on. The job is that she is a servant for the Emperor. She also plays as a musician playing her Kyoto.Chapter 6In this chapter Takiko plays the Kyoto in from of a large audience that gathered just to here her play on it. This is a trial or a test to see if she belongs at the capital.Chapter 7In this chapter a war becomes abrupt into the capital, and it forces everyone to leave. Takikos mother hears about it and tells her husband t...