The Geography of Oceania, the Pacific Islands

Oceania is the name of the region consisting of island groups within the Central and South Pacific Ocean. It spans over 3.3 million square miles (8.5 million sq km). Some of the countries included in Oceania are Australia, New Zealand, Tuvalu, Samoa, Tonga, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Palau, Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, Kiribati,  and Nauru. Oceania also includes several dependencies and territories such as American Samoa, Johnston Atoll,  and French Polynesia. Physical Geography In terms of its physical geography, the islands of Oceania are often divided into four different sub-regions based on the geologic processes playing a role in their physical development. The first of these is Australia. It is separated because of its location in the middle of the Indo-Australian Plate and the fact that, due to its location, there was no mountain building during its development. Instead, Australias current physical landscape features were formed mainly by erosion. The second landscape category in Oceania is the islands found on the collision boundaries between the Earths crustal plates. These are found specifically in the South Pacific. For example, at the collision boundary between the Indo-Australian and Pacific plates are places like New Zealand, Papua New Guinea,  and the Solomon Islands. The North Pacific portion of Oceania also features these types of landscapes along the Eurasian and Pacific plates. These plate collisions are responsible for the formation of mountains like those in New Zealand, which climb to over 10,000 feet (3,000 m). Volcanic islands such as Fiji are the third category of landscape types found in Oceania. These islands typically rise from the seafloor through hotspots in the Pacific Ocean basin. Most of these areas consist of very small islands with high mountain ranges. Finally, coral reef islands and atolls such as Tuvalu are the last type of landscape found in Oceania. Atolls specifically are responsible for the formation of low-lying land regions, some with enclosed lagoons. Climate Most of Oceania is divided into two climate zones. The first of these is temperate and the second is tropical. Most of Australia and all of New Zealand are within the temperate zone and most of the island areas in the Pacific are considered tropical. Oceanias temperate regions feature high levels of precipitation, cold winters, and warm to hot summers. The tropical regions in Oceania are hot and wet year round. In addition to these climatic zones, most of Oceania is impacted by continuous trade winds and sometimes hurricanes (called tropical cyclones in Oceania) which have historically caused catastrophic damage to countries and islands in the region. Flora and Fauna Because most of Oceania is tropical or temperate, there is an abundant amount of rainfall which produces tropical and temperate rainforests throughout the region. Tropical rainforests are common in some of the island countries located near the tropics, while temperate rainforests are common in New Zealand. In both of these types of forests, there is a plethora of plant and animal species, making Oceania one of the worlds most biodiverse regions. It is important to note, however, that not all of Oceania receives abundant rainfall, and portions of the region are arid or semiarid. Australia, for example, features large areas of arid land which have little vegetation. In addition, El Nià ±o has caused frequent droughts in recent decades in Northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Oceanias fauna, like its flora, is also extremely biodiverse. Because much of the area consists of islands, unique species of birds, animals,  and insects evolved out of isolation from others. The presence of coral reefs such as the Great Barrier Reef and Kingman Reef also represent large areas of biodiversity and some are considered biodiversity hotspots. Population Most recently in 2018, Oceanias population was around 41 million people, with the majority centered in Australia and New Zealand. Those two countries alone accounted for more than 28 million people, while Papua New Guinea had a population of over 8 million. The remaining population of Oceania is scattered around the various islands making up the region. Urbanization Like its population distribution, urbanization and industrialization also vary in Oceania. 89% of Oceanias urban areas are in Australia and New Zealand and these countries also have the most well-established infrastructure. Australia, in particular, has many raw minerals and energy sources, and manufacturing is a large part of its and Oceanias economy. The rest of Oceania and specifically the Pacific islands are not well developed. Some of the islands have rich natural resources, but the majority do not. In addition, some of the island nations do not even have enough clean drinking water or food to supply to their citizens. Agriculture Agriculture is also important in Oceania and there are three types which are common in the region. These include subsistence agriculture, plantation crops ,  and capital-intensive agriculture. Subsistence agriculture occurs on most of the Pacific islands and is done to support local communities. Cassava, taro, yams, and sweet potatoes are the most common products of this type of agriculture. Plantation crops are planted on the medium tropical islands while capital-intensive agriculture is practiced mainly in Australia and New Zealand. Economy Fishing is a significant source of revenue because many islands have maritime exclusive economic zones that extend for 200 nautical miles and many small islands have granted permission to foreign countries to fish the region via fishing licenses.   Tourism is also important to Oceania because many of the tropical islands like Fiji offer aesthetic beauty, while Australia and New Zealand are modern cities with modern amenities. New Zealand has also become an area centered on the growing field of ecotourism.

Prostitution And Deviance Examination Of Theories...

Prostitution and Deviance: Examination of Theories Amongst Positivist and Constructionist Perspectives Within Society Deviance is behavior, beliefs or characteristics that many people in a society find or would find offensive and which excite, upon discovery, disapproval, punishment, condemnation, or hostility (Goode, 2011 p. 3). Most scientists will agree that a person s most basic needs, physiologically, are breathing, food, water, sleep, and sex. If all of these are the most basic to human s needs, then how can sex be thought of as an act that is deviant? Deviance can be any behavior, belief or thought, that one person or society does not agree with, so basically anything we do, say, or think, could be considered to be deviant through the eyes of another person, culture or society. Defined by Merriam-Webster s Concise Encyclopedia, Prostitution is the practice of engaging in sexual activity, usually with individuals other than a spouse or friend, in exchange for immediate payment in money or other valuables (Merriam-Webster, 2014). When looking at this definition, most would agree that prostitution is the epitome of deviance. Prostitution is also one of the oldest professions in history, dating back to the bible and the old western days. Depending on the time in history, the society involved, the culture of the people within those societies, prostitution has been considered legal, illegal, acceptable, or deviant. This view changes depending on the time,

Free Sample Solution on Introduction To Algorithms- My Assignment Help

Question: Discuss ? Use the Library and other resources to research divide-and-conquer sorting algorithms and how they compare to standard sorting algorithms? Answer: Introduction Two selected sorting algorithms based on divide and conquer technique are, quick sort and merge sort. Another sorting algorithm based on standard technique is bubble sort. In the following sections there will be discussions on three of these algorithms along with comparison between the algorithms based on divide and conquer technique and the algorithm based on standard technique. The comparison will reveal the differences between the performances of the algorithm, if there is any. Quick Sort Quick sort is a divide and conquer based sorting algorithm that is widely used. For an array of n elements, quick sort algorithm will work in the following way, It will pick the pivot element p from the array. Based on the selection of the pivot element the array will be divided into three sub arrays, The pivot element p itself. All elements that are less than p are in sub array 1. All elements that are larger than p are in sub array 2. Then the above steps will be repeated recursively for both of the sub arrays. In this way, in each iteration the selected pivot element will get its right place in the sorted array. Selection of the pivot element is very important for the time complexity of the quicksort algorithm. This is an in place sorting algorithm. As, the algorithm does three basic operation in each iteration, one partitioning and two recursive calls. Partitioning step has time complexity, (n). Hence, for an array with n elements, the time complexity will be, (Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, Stein, 2011) T(n) = (n) + T(i) + T(n 1- i) here, i is the size of the sub array 1 after partitioning. For initial conditions, T(0) = T(1) = 1. Now, the time complexities for best, average and worst cases are, Best Case Average Case Worst Case The median element is selected as the pivot element in each case. Hence, for an array with n elements, T(n) = (n) + 2T(n/2) = (nlogn) On average the time complexity of quick sort is also (nlogn).(MIT, 2015) The smallest or the largest element of the array has been selected as pivot element in each iteration. Hence, each time there will be one empty sub array and another sub array with one element less from the parent array. Hence, T(n) = (n) + T(n-1) = (n2) Merge Sort Merge sort is another divide and conquer based sorting algorithm that works in the following way, Given an unsorted list or array of n elements, the algorithm divides it recursively into n number of sub lists or sub array. In each iteration a sub list is broken down into halves. Then, the algorithm merges the sub lists repeatedly into sorted sub lists until there is only a single sorted sub list of n elements. The time complexity is, T(n) = 2T(n/2) + (n). Here, (n) is for merging of the n sub lists. Now, Best Case Average Case Worst Case This is (nlogn) Average case running time of merge sort is (nlogn) (Sedgewick Wayne, 2011) When two of the largest values are in two different sub lists. The worst case running time of merge sort is (nlogn). Bubble Sort In bubble sort, given an array of n elements, each element is compared with adjacent element to decide whether it is greater than, less than or same. Then two elements can be swapped based on the comparison. In each iteration, the largest element of the array will be pushed towards the end. The time complexity will be O(n2) as each element can be compared against rest of the elements. Best Case Average Case Worst Case In this case, the array is already sorted. Hence, only one comparison in each step will be needed. Hence, the time complexity is O(n). In average case, the time complexity is O(n2). (Kleinberg Tardos, 2013) In this case, the given array is reversely sorted. Hence the number of comparisons in each iteration will be, (n-1) + (n-2)+ + 2+1 = n(n-1)/2 = O(n2) Comparison of Time Complexities From the time complexity analysis of the algorithms, (McAllister, 2010) Algorithm Best Case Average Case Worst Case Quick sort (nlogn) (nlogn) (n2) Merge sort (nlogn) (nlogn) (nlogn) Bubble Sort O(n) O(n2) O(n2) As, asymptotically O(n2) is bigger than (nlogn), hence, the algorithms based on divide and conquer technique, reduce time for sorting. How Divide and Conquer helps in reduction of time complexity in sorting Divide and conquer use recursion to reduce the time complexity of sorting algorithm. It breaks the problem into smaller sub problem then solves those recursively rather than doing the same thing again and again for the entire problem. Reduction of the problem size helps in reducing the time for solving the problem. Thus time is saved. (Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, Stein, 2011). References Cormen, T. H., Leiserson, C. E., Rivest, R. L., Stein, C. (2011). Introduction to Algorithms. MIT Press. Kleinberg, J., Tardos, . (2013). Algorithm Design. Pearson. McAllister, W. (2010). Data Structures and Algorithms Using Java. Jones Bartlett Publishers. MIT. (2015). Introduction to Algorithms (SMA 5503). Retrieved from MIT OpenCourseWare: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-046j-introduction-to-algorithms-sma-5503-fall-2005/ Sedgewick, R., Wayne, K. (2011). Algorithms . Addison-Wesley Professional.

Traits That a Good Teacher Should Possess free essay sample

The word good can have quite a few interpretations. For the purpose of this essay, it is assumed that good here means, effective that is, a teacher can impart his knowledge and whatever other value it is his responsibility to spread to his charges. It is also assumed that the teacher under discussion is one who teaches secondary school. First of all, a teacher must know his profession thoroughly. He must know his subject beyond the point he intends to teach. He needs to be an expert. For example, if he is teaching literature, he should know all the plays of Shakespeare or at least most of them, rather than just the play he is teaching. He can then make cross references and answer all the questions that arise in the minds of his students. Knowing his subject is of no use if he does not know how, or not bother to, to teach it most effectively to his students. We will write a custom essay sample on Traits That a Good Teacher Should Possess or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though it is true that in a secondary school, student should take the responsibility for their own learning, it would be dull and boring to learn from a teacher who does not present his subject in an interesting manner. It is the teachers duty to promote love of his subject among his students. This he will do first by loving the subject himself. His enthusiasm and love for his subject will catch on with his students and if they learn to love a subject they can learn it better. A bad teacher, usually by his lack of enthusiasm and interest, will cause his subject to be hated. it is fir such reason that a teacher should adopt good teaching methods instead of resorting to easier methods like just reading out of textbook. Every teacher must be genuinely interested in his job. He must feel that it is his calling to develop young minds, and through them, to actually shape the destiny of the country and the world. He must be dedicated and caring at least to the point that it matters to him that his students learn all that they need to know. Over and above teaching his subject, a teacher has the responsibility to develop characters of the students in his life. Quite often, a teacher is a students role model. All of us who go through school, hero worship at least one teacher whom we would like to emulate. A teacher should always be aware of this responsibility. If by chance he were to show flexibility in ethics and morals, he is more or less giving a sanction to his charges that it is acceptable for them to e like that too. This applies to simple vices like smoking and more serious errors where the teacher fails to draw a clear line between good and bad behaviour. From this time immemorial, teachers have been the pillars of society. Staying in the background, at least for most of the time, they have been indirectly responsible for the advancement of the race. Often, it is their lot to go unnoticed. But time and again, all great men and women have been unsparing in their praise of teachers. this is by far their greatest responsibility: teachers are the ones who guarantee that our tomorrows will be as hood as, id not better than, our todays. By shaping characters they ensure that the world continues to be.

Managed investment scheme Essay Example

Managed investment scheme Essay In Australia, investor can choose from a wide vvariety of investments which include managed investment schemes (MIS) and direct investment which consist of shares, debt and hybrid securities. Each investment scheme will a set of corporation act to protect its investor, as it is important to make iinvestors feel confident and secure. Iinvestors can choose the types of investments to invest in depending on their personal traits and ambition as the different investment contains different characteristic. We will dive in more on MIS, direct investment and hybrid investment together with each of their advantages and disadvantages next. Managed investment schemes Manage investment schemes, otherwise known as collective investment schemes, are schemes in which funds are gather from different investor to invest in a common investment, usually a high risk investment that deals with huge amount of money. Under s 9 of the corporation act 2001, a manage investment schemes consist of three elements. Investor contributes money or moneys worth, theres a generation or intended generation of a financial return or benefit and the investor do not have day- to-day control over the use of the money. We will write a custom essay sample on Managed investment scheme specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Managed investment scheme specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Managed investment scheme specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Under s 601 EA(4) states that a registered MIS requires to have a responsible entity (RE) which would be responsible for any losses or damages from violating Ch 5c. The RE is also a trustee of the scheme. The RE also have to fulfil his duties, under the s 601 FC (1), he must act honestly, exercise a degree of care and diligence, act in the best interest of the members, treat all members equally and he cant make use of information gathered as RE to gain improper advantage or cause detriment to members. Under s 601 MB, Contracts is considered as voidable at the option of the investor if the MIS is found guilty of violating any of the act. The advantage of MIS is that the investment will be undertaking by a professional investment manager which could offer a better returns and risk management because of his experience and knowledge. Moreover, it can help reduce risk by diversification, it works by investing in different company, usually companies that has a negative co-relation, reducing losses if the price of one company drop. Another benefit is that it the cost is shared among the other investor. The disadvantages of MIS is the loss of owners rights, allocation and uses of funds will be determine by the fund manager. Although MIS is a very lucrative piece of investment, the amount of returns will be reduce because of the cost of the fund manager, normally they will expect a ppercentage of returns from the overall earnings. Debt financing Debt financing is a type of tool companies used to raise capital through borrowing. Creditors are entitled to fixed interest pay out and will be able to get back the invested amount at the maturity date. Debt financing are usually considered as a stable and low risk investment thus the return are lower than the others. Debt financing consist of bank finance, trade finance, debentures and private debt. Debentures is the rights to enforce a companys undertaking to repay the debt owe as stated in s 9 or the corporation act. Section 124 of the Corporations act 2001 allow companies to issue debentures and to borrow through the use of the debentures. Deoentures can De rea011y transTer ana can De llstea on tne Australlan stock exchange (ASX). The advantage of the form of investment is that the interest pay-out is fixed and the investor will be able to get back the amount invested at the predetermined maturity date. Lenders are place ahead of equity holder in the event of liquidation. The downside to this is that there wont be any growth on the principle of loan because it is fixed. Unlike equity holders, creditors cant get involve in the day to day operation of the company or vote. Equity Equity financing is one of the ways a company can use to raise money through the sales of shares. Shares consist of ordinary shares and preference shares. By buying the shares of a company, investor will also gain owinership of company, the size of the owinership will depend on the amount of shares one held. Under section 124 of the corporation act 2001, any of the company will be able to issue shares but only a ublic company will be able to offer its shares to the public. Disclosure document such as the prospectus, profile statement and offer information statement are required under chapter 6d of the corporation act. The prospectus offers protection to the investor who wish to purchase shares from a company by disclosing all information. The benefits of investing in shares is the ability to collect dividends, dividends will be decided by how much the company has made. Another major benefits is the ability to make capital gain by selling shares, because shares are known to be volatile, prices may move up and down at any time, capital gain can be ade if shares is sold when it is rising. The negative side of investing in shares is that it is risky. Shares prices might crash and investor would suffer losses. Furthermore, equity holders are ranked before bond holders when the company goes into liquidation, shares holder may or may not be able to get their money back. Hybrid securities Hybrid securities are a form of securities that combines debt and equity instruments. The most common form of hybrids is convertible bonds. Convertible bonds allows the owner to convert bonds into shares at todays price. The main advantages is that it as a fixed interest repayment like a bond, iinvestors can also choose to convert it to a shares if the company is doing well. Making a profit from the dividend or by capital gain. The downside is that it has a low interest pay out as compared toa bond and it is ranked after bonds holder in the event of liquidation. I would invest the $10 000 into government bonds. Government bonds are consider as one of the safest investment and it will be logical to invest in it as I wanted income first and growth second. Besides, I would be able to collect the interest pay out and the invested amount at the maturity date.

What to Say When a Job Interviewer Asks You Who Are You Voting For

What to Say When a Job Interviewer Asks You Who Are You Voting For As we near Election Day, in what many people believe is one of the most controversial elections in recent memory, political discussion  is undoubtedly going to make it’s way into your workplace- causing some very heated political debates. But what do you do when it  enters your job interview? It’s common knowledge that you should probably not talk  to new acquaintances about politics, religion, or sex. These topics, especially politics, can be very flammable. But what if a hiring manager begins to discuss their favorite candidate and asks you who you’re voting for?In this scenario, it’s best to be prepared. Here are three routes you can take to keep yourself out of hot water.Offer a Noncommittal ResponseMaybe  tell the interviewer that the entire discussion has so much controversy, you’ve chosen to stand on the sidelines and not get involved. This signals to the interviewer that you do not feel comfortable answering his/her question, and the conversation will most likely end it there. If not, you may want to consider a different employer.Keep it LightheartedYou can also take the route of humor and diplomacy. Some options include:â€Å"I plead the fifth.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I’d back anyone in favor of world peace, but that’s probably not happening for a while.†Ã¢â‚¬  I think if the candidates stop attacking each other, we’d all have a better understanding of their policies. Until then, I’m not entirely sure.†Change the ConversationSometimes the best way to respond is to simply transition away from the topic. The less talk about politics, the better. You can even use it as an opportunity to showcase who you look up to.â€Å"This election has been a challenging one for so many reasons. But one issue that has stood out is the issue of leadership. Professionally, I’m always looking for leaders who do X and Y.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"This election is filled with so much polarity, which is the opposite of what I love about so many companies that emphasize team building and working together. How much does your company emphasize this?†Try a Neutral ResponseIf your interviewer goes on about how much they like a certain candidate, you can give them neutral acknowledgement. This will steer the conversation back on track, and you’ll be able to discover more about the company’s management and leadership. Simple body language, like a couple of nods, would suffice. Alternatively, you can try some of these options:â€Å"I can see what you mean†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"I hadn’t pictured it that way†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"Hmm.. interesting†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Your ideal strategy is to steer the conversation to business and the job interview at hand. If the interviewer seems determined to continue the political conversation, take this as an opportunity to evaluate their emotional intelligence. Are they ranting? Angry? Do they challenge you unnecessarily? All of these fact ors may give you an idea as to your compatibility with that workplace.Your best approach is to remain professional, calm, and diplomatic. Pay attention to the reaction you get as you try to shift gears. This will tell you everything you need to know about whether the company is right for you.Source: [Business Insider]Image Source: [CBS News]

Marketing Plan for Atlantic Quench Cranberries Inc Essay - 9

Marketing Plan for Atlantic Quench Cranberries Inc - Essay Example The research will mainly focus is the population that is highly demanding for natural and healthy drinks today. The budget for the marketing plan will cover the costs of doing market research, differentiating products, and advertising the improved products. The emphasis of this marketing plan is to ensure the healthy products from this company reach the target market. The Cranberry products include juice drinks with cranberry flavors. In 2002, the co-operative introduced to the market the Cranberry Classic in a 250 ml with an aim to target desire consumers in the convenience sector. In 2003 the organization, AQC increased its products of the ‘light’ low-calorie fruit drinks. These were inclusive of cranberry and blackcurrant, cranberry and raspberry, and cranberry and mango. Later in 2004, a white cranberry juice drink was launched and promoted as sweeter and smoother alternative to the red cranberry juice drinks. These measures have been introduced to specifically targe t the fast-growing chilled drinks sector. A cranberry and mandarin juice drink were introduced to the market in 2005. According to the publication by Public Health England (PHE), â€Å"Soft drinks account for the main cause of sugar consumption between 2008 and 2012†. Several governmental and non-governmental bodies, such as National Health Service (NHS) and Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) are; therefore, keen to reduce the consumption of sugary drinks by supporting and â€Å"pushing† sugar taxation. Due to consumer awareness, buyers prefer more healthy drinks with less containing sugar. In the UK demand is increasing for healthy juice drinks, leaving carbonated soft drinks behind, because of the poor image created in recent years.

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 57

Journal - Essay Example They are adopted to a big number of, say, representatives of Judaism, as there are many Jewish senators, congressmen, businessmen and other important people, but Islamic tradition on the second place on the list of religions is still a surprise. The other religions that constitute major parts in this regard are Buddhism and the already mentioned Judaism. There is also Baha’i religion present in the USA, but this is not a very large group of people, and the state of affairs with Hindu is just a little bit better – they are a bigger religious society. The US citizens are concerned with such a big popularity of Islam in their country, because, in the course of the latest news coming from the place of the world which Islam is typical of, some ethnic and religious groups want to create sharia law in Islam as a major system of the Islamic law, and its severe control over the person’s life makes people think whether it is or it is not a limitation of one’s freedo ms. The reason for such a diversity of religious traditions in the US is that there are different nations present in this country, which, obviously, have their typical religions which they have brought with them when moving to the US: Buddhism is typical of the Asians, Islam is typical of the Arabic people, Judaism – of the Jews and so on. Islam, however, might have gained more supporters among the African Americans of the southern states who converted, or reverted, to Islam. The point of concern here is that the image of the religious America is not complete because the people who usually identify themselves as non-believers, such as atheists or agnostics, are not included into religious charts when conducting surveys of such a type, and the share of people belonging to this category is considerably big. Here there is also an opinion that, though these people do not believe in a particular

Business plan for Gym Equipment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business plan for Gym Equipment - Essay Example Purchasing fitness equipment online too, has grown substantially over the last several years. From numerous infomercial products to high-end home exercise equipments, the Internet provides the medium for detailed information on the benefits and features of each product. As people overcome their fear of cyber shopping, they are learning that the Internet offers both - the convenience and the savings. Convenience comes from comparative shopping without having to travel to numerous fitness equipment stores, where you often deal with unknowledgeable sales representatives. The Internet has empowered the consumer with detailed product information, allowing them to make intelligent purchasing decisions. In addition, the Internet provides an opportunity to avoid the added costs incurred through purchases at retail stores. A percentage of any price tag at a store includes overhead costs like leasing prime space, employee wages and inventory. The Internet is changing the rules, and online purc hases can result into significant savings on items like fitness equipments. Although people, mostly youngsters, have become much more fitness conscious than ever - a few online shops are existent on world wide web, selling home gym equipments. ... Hence, the current business position clearly speaks the need of a selling media from where the good number of customers can be reached on an everyday basis. Thus, e-shops are an opportunity. Else, the Internet websites already existing in the market selling home gym equipments, aren't yet covering the whole of potential customers. They are often into a part-time business of selling products via Internet, over and above having their conventional exhibition center - and hence, their business models are not probably as powerful as what a full-fledged Internet venture could have. "How can you rate a successful e-business The outward signs of a robust and thriving business are: Revenue increases Ability to generate profits Success in creating meaningful alliances Success in expanding into new markets Differentiating itself from other business models " ( Online Internet Business Models). In such a scenario, there is an opportunity of launching an Internet shop selling home gym equipments, as its full-time Internet business. Business activity Launched in the early days of year 2008, 'Beauty Fitness', a full-time e-shop - is into the business of selling home gyms and fitness equipments to young people, and all the others who want to stay in a good shape, keep fit - both physically and mentally. With fast growing Internet accessibility, e-shops are gaining bigger and bigger potential. Having established their presence on computers of almost all the British households, e-shops are not limited with daily working hours, weekend offs, or festive holidays. Customers can have access to our Internet shop 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. More, while in classic shops customers are required to walk around the town, 'Beauty Fitness' offers the customers that ease,

Death of a child and the impact to parental grief

Death of a child and the impact to parental grief Adulthood is the stage in  the human lifespan that captures the stages of acquiring independence from the family of origin, establishing loving relationships and having and raising children.   When adults transition into the role of spouse and parent they are not likely to attribute this meaningful time of life to crisis.   The death of a child disrupts the biological order of the lifespan and challenges a parents understanding of their world (Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong, 2008). Researchers have labelled the death of a child as one of the most tragic events a parent must endure.   In a study by Sanders (1980) comparing bereavement in individuals who experienced the death of a parent, spouse and child, Sanders identified more intense grief reactions among those who survived the death of a child (as cited by Arnold and Buschman Gemma, 2008).   A childs death impacts the parent on multiple levels; as an individual, as a partner and as a contributing member of society.   Grief is often complicated by the addition of anxiety and fatigue which impedes communication in relationships and with other members of a family (Toller and Braithwaite, 2009).  Ã‚   According to Emmons, Colby and Kaiser (1998) grief is often equated to the destruction of the persons assumptive world (as cited by Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong, 2008, p. 204).   Additionally, Colin Murray Parkes (1970) defines the assumptive world as represent[ing] the totality of what the individual knows or thinks he knows. It includesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ our plans and our prejudices (as cited by Tedeschi and Calhoun, 2004, p. 21).   The length of parental grief has been estimated by some to last upwards of a decade following the childs death while other researchers acknowledge parental grief as lasting indefinitely (Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong, 2008).   The negative effects of prolonged grief have implications on bereaved parents mental and physical health well into midlife (Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong, 2008).    This paper will explore the impact that the death of a child has on the mother and father as individuals and together as a couple.   It will examine how individuals use coping mechanisms and a quest for meaning to transform this crisis in adulthood into the potential for personal growth and a renewed sense of purpose for life.   For the purposes of this paper bereavement and grief will be defined.   According to Parkes and Weiss (1983) bereavement is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦encompassing the entire experience of anticipating a death, death itself and the subsequent adjustment to living (as cited by Meert et al., 2009).   In addition, Therese Rando (1993) defines grief as the process of experiencing the psychological, behavioural, social and physical reactions to the perception of loss (p. 22). Although crisis in adulthood is inclusive of both men and women, research shows gender specific styles of grieving and coping with the death of a child.   In a study conducted with bereaved parents by Toller and Braithwaite (2009), mothers identified the need to express their grief through discussing the death and the shedding of tears.   In her book When the Bough Breaks: Forever after the Death of a Son or Daughter, author Judith Bernstein (1998) discusses womens grief response as frequently revealing and more likely desolate.   Bernstein (1998) explains that mothers expressive grief may be the result of the degree mothers are invested in their parental role.   Ã‚  Expression of emotions can be significantly difficult in a mothers grief experience of a stillborn baby when societal support may be absent or limited due to the inability of society to recognize the birth and death as a meaningful event (Cacciatore, 2010).   Cacciatore (2010) identifies that parents presumptio n of support from family, friends and medical staff may be based in their own value and understanding of the loss which contradicts the support actually afforded them.   Additionally, Shainess (1963) challenged that childbirth that ends with the death of a baby not only has the potential to devastate a womens self-image but also may alter how she relates herself to others (as cited by Cacciatore, 2010).   Stillbirth has been coined as the invisible death because very few people knew or met the child, the mother has very few keepsakes to memorialize their child and inevitably the mother may feel pressure to forget the child by their social network (Cacciatore, 2010).   Li, Laursen, Precht, Olsen and Mortensen (2005) found that bereaved mothers, compared with nonbereaved mothers, were at much higher risk for first time inpatient psychiatric care.   The risks remained notably higher for more than five years following the death of a child (as cited by Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong, 2008).   In addition, Radestad et al. (1996) identified bereaved mothers of stillborn babies experience higher rates of anxiety up to three years following the death as compared to mothers who had live born children (as cited by Cacciatore, 2010). Bereaved mothers often question their ability to be successful at motherhood following the death of a child (Cacciatore, 2010).   Children within the family unit are often impacted by the death of a baby when their parents grief makes them unavailable to their emotional demands (Cacciatore, 2010).   Interestingly, a study by Peterson (1994) found that the death of a baby continues to affect future generations.   In the study, adult daughters of mothers who experienced a stillbirth, reported fear during their own pregnancy, in addition to guilt, anxiety and grief in adulthood that impacted attachment with their own children (as cited by Cacciatore, 2010). Mothers may illicit varied strategies to cope with the death of their child.   In a study of 47 bereaved mothers, Cacciatore (2010) found that 21% acknowledged using alcohol and illegal drugs as a form of coping, while 45% of respondents reported contemplating self-harm.   All of the respondents indicated that the death of their child had considerably altered their identity (Cacciatore, 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Men and women do not always experience grief following the death of a child in the same way.   It is not uncommon for fathers to experience societal messages that encourage a traditional male role of strength that bravely supports the mother following the childs death (Aho, Tarkka, Astedt-Kurki and Kaunonen, 2006).   Not surprisingly, these messages may explain why research has found men are more likely to deny grief or grieve in private while suppressing reactions or hiding feelings (Aho, Tarkka, Astedt-Kurki and Kaunonen, 2006). In a study of fathers reactions to infant loss, Colsen (2001) examined conscious and unconscious responses to grief.   The study showed that some fathers had pronounced grief reactions in the unconscious while denying the presence of grief consciously (as cited by Aho, Tarkka, Astedt-Kurki and Kaunonen, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In analysis of the research, several studies have indicated that fathers use physical activity as a means to cope with grief as well as to assimilate control over their emotions (Aho, Tarkka, Astedt-Kurki and Kaunonen, 2006; Toller and Braithwaite, 2009).   In addition to feelings of physical pain, often attributed to the physicality of mens grief, fathers identify strong and prolonged feelings of guilt, anger and bitterness after the death of a child directed at themselves, God and caregiving personnel (Aho, Tarkka, Astedt-Kurki and Kaunonen, 2006).   Interestingly, in a study by Barrera et al. (2009) concerning parent adjustment following the death of a child, researchers found that the fathers interviews were significantly longer than those of the mothers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As indicated in the discussion surrounding maternal grief, several studies have concluded that increased alcohol consumption also contributes to the fathers grief experience (Aho, Tarkka, Astedt-Kurki and Kaunonen, 2006).   In fact, in a study by Vance et al. (1995), concerning gender differences and psychological grief reactions for bereaved parents, research found that alcohol use in parents directly after the death and up to three years following, was significantly higher than the control group who had not experienced a death (as cited by Aho, Tarkka, Astedt-Kurki and Kaunonen, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parents may also share common experiences of grief following the death of a child. In a study of parental adjustment six months after the death of their child, participants identified that they mourned a future without their children and that they would never see the child meet milestones such as their graduation or wedding (Barrera et al., 2009).   In addition to missing milestones these same participants reported a significant need to physically touch their children again (Barrera et al., 2009).   Some parents of children who died in the pediatric intensive care unit indicated that they needed mementos to assist them in feeling connected to their child.   Mementos ranged from a stuffed animal to a locket of the childs hair (Meert et al, 2008).   In fact, researchers argue that the ability of the parents to establish a continued connection with the deceased child through the use of memories is integral to the parental experience o f bereavement and coping (Barrera et al., 2009).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to continuing the bond with their deceased child, parents have additional stress in establishing commonalities and differences in grief within the marital relationship.   Meaning is derived from telling the story of the childs death and this can be particularly difficult for bereaved parents who often feel that their social network is not receptive to talk of the death experience (Toller and Braithwaite, 2009).   Alternatively, parents may turn to one another as a means of support but this can also prove difficult since both partners are experiencing the death simultaneously (Toller and Braithwaite, 2009).   In a study by Toller and Braithwaite (2009) of bereaved parents they found that parents wanted to grieve with their spouse while concurrently indicating that they also needed space to grieve separately from their partner.   The parents in this study reported that grieving together was difficult due to the differing ways in which they and their partners approached and even expressed grief (Toller and Braithwaite, 2009). A fear for many bereaved spouses is the statistical relevance of divorce among bereaved parents.   Although some research indicates a higher occurrence of divorce following the death of a child, other research challenges the methodology and difficulties in tracking divorced couples in order to make concise conclusions (Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   A more alarming finding is the evidence of depression and long term health concerns among bereaved parents.   In their study, Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong (2008) analyzed data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) and found that bereaved parents, in midlife and on average 18 years following the death of their child, reported more symptoms of depression   and cardiovascular problems than their nonbereaved cohort.   In fact, 83% of bereaved parents in the WLS reported depression within three years of their childs death (Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong, 2008).   The researchers of this study concluded that the return to employment, social and family roles may indicate full recovery following the death of a child but persistent episodes of depression and health related issues suggest internal turmoil that may not be recognized and acknowledged by friends and family (Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong, 2 008).   Furthermore, this study showed that the ability to function was not greater with the passing of time since the death and suggested that the bereavement following the death of a child may lead to continued health concerns for decades (Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong, 2008). Bereaved parents do find ways to cope and manage the grief both individually and as a couple.   Many parents indicate that surviving children provide them with a sense of purpose and parents reinvest energy into ensuring these children are learning how to cope with the death of their sibling (Barrera et al., 2009).   Barrera et al. (2009) identified the presence of surviving children at the time of death to be linked with lower instance of marital discord.     Researchers in multiple studies found that bereaved parents who did not have surviving children reported a strong desire to have another child through pregnancy, adoption or fostering (Barrera et al., 2009; Arnold and Buschman Gemma, 2008). Interestingly Videka-Sherman (1982) found evidence that parents who had a subsequent child following death were more likely to have better psychological adjustment to grief (as cited by   (Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong, 2008). In the study conducted by Toller and Braithwaite (2009) the majority of bereaved parents indicated that although they experienced grief differently than their partner, they were eventually able to identify and empathize, even accept the differences.   Bereaved parents who recognized that grieving is unique to each individual and in turn gave their spouse room to grieve or engaged with others for support found that they were able to navigate the differences and maintain a healthy relationship (Toller and Braithwaite, 2009).   Although therapeutic models encourage an ability to be open and heal, Toller and Braithwaite (2009) suggest that selective closedness has shown evidence of health in grieving (p. 273).   In fact, nonverbal communication between spouses is possible to create connection in grieving through hand holding, physical closeness and expression through letter writing (Toller and Braithwaite, 2009). Many parents have identified the need to redefine themselves integrating the experience of being a parent to a child who has died (Barrera et al., 2009).   Parents have described the need for their child to be validated and recognized in a societal context, given worth in order to aid them in their ability to grieve that child (Meert et al, 2009).   Of additional importance is the acceptance from family, friends and parents social network to allow bereaved parents to grieve in a way that is meaningful to them at their own speed and without judgement (Meert et al., 2009). Ultimately, bereaved parents incorporate a variety of support strategies to assist them in coping with the death of their child (Barrera et al., 2009).   Many bereaved parents identified an eventual revitalized purpose to life, commonly associated with a desire to give back to the community and support other bereaved parents (Barrera et al., 2009).   Following the death of a child, Calhoun and Tedeschi (2001) theorise that individuals undergo a reorganization of beliefs surrounding significance of the world and oneself. According to Calhoun and Tedeschi (2001) posttraumatic growth is the positive changes in relationship to others, spirituality or philosophy of life, and sense of self that follows bereavement (p. 344).   A study by Engelkemeyer and Marwit (2008) of bereaved parents found that parents who reported growth were also the parents who identified having a positive outlook regarding self-worth and characterised themselves as being lucky.   The death of a child has a profound effect on the parents as individuals and as a couple that creates a crisis in their transition through adulthood.   Bereaved parents may experience negative or positive consequences of the grief experienced following their childs death and these effects will be felt throughout the remainder of their lifespan. A quote from one bereaved mother eloquently sums up the enormity of death on the life experience: Death being such a major part of life is something that only those who experience it firsthand can truly attest to being at the very core of our existence.   Death changes who we are and what we feel about life entirely.   Death even steals our perception of time and how a month ending, or a year ending or the celebration of new life affects us.   Death comes in and manipulates everyone we come in contact with, while making us an alien to everyone (Ruffin, 2010, p.9).

Are German Atrocities In A Myth Or Reality History Essay

On one manus, the book German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial is of great value, as it portrays the state of affairs on the footing of legion beginnings and grounds. What really happened during the German invasion of Belgium in August 1914 was, in much item, analyzed to come to a decision that would non merely be based on premises and accusals. There was an â€Å" extraordinary sum of myth and fable that propagandists deposited over the true history of the events †[ 3 ]. This besides has to be considered when analysing this book, as it can besides be seen as a type of propaganda. The beginning, originated in 2001 and written by John Horne and Alan Kramer, weighed the grounds of these past happenings, to find what can be considered to be a myth, and what is accepted to be world. It explains that German soldiers feared and really much expected to happen barbarian franc-tireurs, or civilian zealots, around every corner in Belgium. This caused them to put to death normal ene my soldiers, guiltless civilians and even some of their ain people in friendly fires.[ 4 ]Germans burnt down the mediaeval library in Louvain because they believed franc-tireurs had been active at that place. In world there was â€Å" no official Belgian policy of civilian opposition, and really small – if any – existent civilian opposition. â€Å" A? There is really small grounds for stray incidents, so the writers of this book found that Germans had no valid ground to assail civilians. However, German soldiers executed around 6,500 guiltless civilians, driven by their ain paranoia. Kramer and Horne besides straight associate these accounts to the usage of propaganda at the clip. In their book it is explained that the British authorities published studies of German atrociousnesss affecting kids whose custodies were cut off as they were keeping onto their female parents, and farther narratives that were depicted for the British public to see. These illustrations of propaganda are really relevant to this rating, because they introduce another facet of the state of affairs. Britain used propaganda to influence and pull strings its ain people, by doing them believe that the Germans were brutal monsters that had to be stopped. It made certain that all people knew precisely whom to direct their hatred towards. Britain ‘s chief statement was that Germany was evil, had to be attacked and surely defeated. The worse Germany ‘s atrociousnesss seemed, the easier it was for Britain to convert its people that war was necessary to halt them.[ 5 ]One of Britain â₠¬Ëœs chief motivations was besides to conceal any facts that would demo how barbarous war really was, as it wanted to convert as many of its citizens as possible to enlist themselves in the ground forces. Recruiting was one of its chief ideas behind such propaganda. Cinemas, films, and photographs presented German undercover agents and barbarous atrociousnesss, and besides British authors were told to make anti-German propaganda.[ 6 ]A specialised â€Å" War Propaganda Bureau † , besides known as â€Å" Wellington House † , was set up merely to command the people ‘s sentiments. It was really active and had sub-divisions, one of which specialized merely on anti-German propaganda.[ 7 ]It is unquestionable whether Britain took advantage of the narratives refering German atrociousnesss to pull strings the heads of its people in 1914. The invasion of Belgium gave Britain a ground to take portion in the war, and the public propaganda it had used to turn its citizens ag ainst Germany, gave the state the strength to bear up against its enemy. Another really of import facet of propaganda is the Bryce Report.[ 8 ]This beginning of information is really valuable when looking at the point of position that Germany did perpetrate such a big figure of war offenses. It evaluates a broad assortment of histories of victims and provinces that its claims are based on informant studies, whose names could, nevertheless, non be identified. It is explained that this is due to â€Å" the fright that there might be German reprisals against household members. But British soldier informants remained every bit anon. , for no evident ground. Nevertheless in his debut, Bryce said he and his fellow commissioners had tested the grounds ‘severely. ‘ â€Å"[ 9 ]James Bryce wrote this study to inform people in the United States about the state of affairs refering German atrociousnesss in Belgium, and it was published with a really certain consequence. The United States had a more impersonal attitude towards the state of affairs in Euro pe, until Bryce ‘s study was officially presented to its people. Its transcripts were sold for merely a penny, and the many people who read it thought of the Germans the same manner British citizens did. When replying the inquiry, whether or non German atrociousnesss in 1914 were myth or world, the Bryce Report can on one manus be considered an hyperbole of the past incidents, but on the other besides as a valid beginning that proved German atrociousnesss to be true to such a big extent. On one manus there is important agnosticism about the study, as even Bryce reported himself as doubting. It was used for anti-German propaganda, and it was rushed into print five yearss after the sinking of the Lusitania, a British rider ship, to convey the United States into the war. Narratives of atrociousnesss were dubbed as propaganda and prevarications and were non verifiable. On the other manus, it can be considered to be dependable because it contains first-hand studies from 1,200 refugees in Britain, official Belgian studies, and infusions from German journals. These studies were good known to the general populace. The Bryce Report besides provides conclusive grounds of onslaughts against civilians and cultural sites. The German authorities published paperss both during and after the war trying to legalize their actions against civilians, thereby turn outing that they did happen.[ 10 ] To oppose the thoughts of the study and besides some of Horne ‘s and Kramer ‘s averments, an article from a German citizen, Klaus Wippermann, was published in August 2004.[ 11 ]It introduces the thought that most of the atrociousnesss were strictly fantasized and that it was merely British propaganda that gave Germany such a hideous image in World War 1. It states that Britain debased Germany and made it look to be inhumane. The beginning besides discusses the thought that Britain welcomed Germany ‘s invasion of Belgium, to give it the best possible alibi to get down contending. The war was non merely a consequence of Germany ‘s purposes, because all other powers had much more specific grounds to get down one. The article besides mentions that Horne and Kramer analyzed distorted facts instead than valid 1s, and that their book is based on a figure of selected beginnings that give Germany an even worse image. It states that any offense committed by a German is automatically worse that the same offense committed by person else, and clarifies how absurd such ways of believing and such ways of analysing state of affairss are. From this it can be seen that really different sentiments can be based on really different pieces of grounds, and that the clip period besides affects certain perceptual experiences of world. Horne ‘s and Kramer ‘s book appears to be really dependable, as it shows both sides to this statement and provides grounds and a background that is doubtless a valid beginning of information. It does non deny or contradict events that truly did take topographic point, and it besides evaluates to what extent propaganda exaggerated them. Bryce ‘s study is a instead nonreversible statement and gives the feeling that Germans were strictly evil, which coincides with the thoughts portrayed by British propaganda at the clip. Britain and the United States wanted to act upon their people to give them a colored position towards the war. Propaganda at the clip, even if exaggerated to a big extent, was still really reliable because it was, after all, based on a figure of true occasions. Wh ilst Germans denied to hold been guilty of anything at the clip, their enemies made it look as if they were hardhearted monsters who were merely waiting to anguish and execute civilians. This was a instance of common denial, as Belgium negated all accusals of holding franc-tireurs that caused Germany to perpetrate such offenses, and Germany steadfastly believed that it was a victim of Belgian zealots. It can be said that German atrociousnesss either happened, were imagined, or that they were invented to organize public sentiment, but neither of these facets can entirely reply the inquiry whether or non they were myth or world, because they were all interlinked to give such beliing statements refering this subject.

The Medieval Civilization

The greater part of medieval civilization was a time of simplicity and little cultural development. Feudalism was the structure that governed medieval society and came to represent this time period. The church became the universal symbol of medieval unity. Toward the end of the medieval period, however, town life and large-scale trade and commerce were revived. Great changes took place in the church fostering a new era and change. Feudalism was a system of government that provided the structure for the political, social, and economic aspects of medieval civilization. It consisted of contracts between members of the nobility and less powerful nobles who served as their vassals. Economically it was a contract between the serfs who farmed that land and the nobles who owned it. Feudalism was very complex and confusing in some ways, but it could also be looked at as very simple. It was constructed in a pyramid or chess board-like form. Kings were at the top although they did not have much power, lords and vassals followed the king and had control of the lesser nobles. The serfs were at the base of the pyramid. A manor, otherwise known as the lord†s estate, was where everyone lived and worked. In exchange for a place to live, food, and mainly protection, the serfs farmed the land. Agriculture was the foundation of feudalism, where land and food was used to barter for other items. There were different taxes and positions of distinct people on the manor. This illustrates the complexity of feudal life during the medieval ages. If you look at it as what the duties were of each specific class you see the simplicity of feudalism. Each member of medieval society had its own particular tasks to perform. The serfs preformed the most labor-intensive tasks and often did the same thing everyday. The knights protected the manor and the lords were responsible for taking care of everyone on their manor. The feudal system could be compared to a modern corporation. The serfs could be looked at as the workers, the lords as management, the knights to the security, and the king would be the CEO of the company. Feudalism was complex in its organization and simple it its implementation. During most of the medieval time period the church was the center of society and was the law of the land. The church regulated business practices, had the power to tax, controlled all people through the power of excommunication and had influence on the aesthetic aspects of life. The church exemplified both the simplicity and complexity of medieval life. Monks led a very simple life. Their days were spent working hard, studying, and praying. The church wanted to make life simpler by standardizing the rite, calendar, and monastic rule. It was more complex then simple however. The church held a great deal of power that was often in conflict with the monarch. The head of the church, the pope, spent much of his time in Rome while attempting to govern the rest of Europe. It was difficult to govern such a large geographical area while residing in a city that was not centrally located. In A. D. 1377, Pope Gregory XI left Avignon and returned to Rome. This was known as the great schism and it developed great entanglement in the popes† standing in medieval society. The crusades, while increasing the status of the pope, also increased the power of the monarchs over the nobles. Feudalism was broken down and the power the church was illustrated in the crusades. Certain aspects of the church tried to simplify life while other things only made it more complex. Population growth contributed to the migration of people from the manor to the town, which was the base of complexity in the later stage of the Middle Ages. A self-sufficient manor sometimes was the beginning of a town where people came to form a complex web of commerce and trade. Products were bought with money rather then used to barter for other necessities such as in the earlier stage of the Middle Ages. As the towns grew the people became dissatisfied with being ruled by the nobles and church. They wanted to govern and tax themselves, and eventually they began to do these things without the consent of the church or nobles. To better protect themselves the townspeople often joined together with people from other towns to form leagues. These leagues would band together to protect one another and promote trade. The people organized themselves even further with forming merchant and craft guilds. The guilds controlled the making and sale of particular products. Feudal lords as well as the church was concerned with the formation of towns. Townspeople were able to increase their wealth through the sale and manufacturing of goods, while the lords only produced what was needed for their manor. The serfs began to move away from the manor because they realized that they could have a better life if they lived in the towns. By forming autonomous towns, people created complex relationships between themselves and the monarchs and churches. This was the development of a more complex form of economic subsistence known as capitalism. Medieval civilization was a time of change in many different ways, both simple and complex. Feudalism was organized in a quite clear way yet the structure in which it was carried out and the roles played in it were confusing. The church†s power was very perplexing in that it had the power to run the government and economy. The way that the church wanted to standardize certain things was easy to understand. Towns were complex in their organization and in the way they divided the power among the common people and the nobles and church. Medieval society that was once based on faith became rooted in scholasticism. Many new ideas brought up through the medieval civilization forced the society to be both simple and complex in many aspects.

Anais Nin Essays - House Of Incest, Anas Nin, Free Essays

Anais Nin Essays - House Of Incest, Anas Nin, Free Essays Anais Nin Anais Nin was a passionate woman, not only in her works but also in her life. The fact that she lived life to the fullest is what made her books so intriguing. Although her diaries were a chronicle of her experience, her fiction showed the reader sides of her while displaying everyone's innermost desires. In her own words Nin says, "the role of the writer is not to say what we can all say, but what we are unable to say" (Rollins), and she does exactly that. For this reason her works take one on a journey through one's soul and allows the pondering which may never have been considered. This feeling of self discovery is quite powerful and erotic; the enpowerment supplies a feeling of utter enjoyment. This is why Anais Nin's books are ageless, and they are impossible to parallel or surpass. Though many author's draw their story ideas from life experiences. Anais takes most directly in order to make them pure and unclouded by the imagination. This is why her favorite method of writing was the use of her actual diaries. She wrote of her many love affairs and personal traumas in order to educate the reader as well as to examine her true self. For it is known that one person could not experience all that is possible, and therefore one must learn from others mistakes as well as their own. Nin is greatly renown for her diaries, especially for her famous letters of her affair with Henry Miller . This later amounted to a movie based on the relationship "Henry and June" in 1986 (site 1). Yet her fiction, although quite intellectual and harder to grasp than her diaries, also reveals a lot about the writer and open views on all aspects of living. She is creative enough to allow all to draw something personal from her writings, and this makes reading her novels an experience that one could associate with some aspect of their own life. Nin's heightened "sensitivity and perception" (site 1) are derived from her fiery lifestyle which started when she was very young. She was born in France, a country of vast influence, and she traveled throughout Europe for most of her childhood. When She was twelve years old she was relocated to New York, where the culture and diversity is unparalleled. She experience d so many lifestyles as various occupations: a dancer, a teacher, and later on even a psychoanalyst (Scholar 5). She lived a very "free" life style for the time period, and she enjoyed this liberation to the fullest. She had many affairs, but she also had many great relationships that helped her improve and most of all "experience". Through all of this she never lost the ability to appreciate her solitude. As her fictitious novels are analyzed it will be shown that a large part of Anais Nin resides in every one of her works, but she made sure to leave enough to allow a little piece of every reader to fit.! In this way the reader may be alone but in good company. Anais creates this aura by using the literary device known as negative capability, which is basically concurrence with the philosophy of "saying less is saying more" (Walsh). She writes in such a way that allows one to see a general idea that does not cheapen a complicated idea by trying to isolate and define it. The theories which she attempts to explain are often too complicated for words, so Nin often turns to surrealism when she can think of no other way to address them. Human emotion and existence is not something that can be black or white, and Nin describes it as somewhere in the gray area (Knapp 39-68). The use of poetic and stream-of-conscientiousness phrasing allows the reader to find there own relative truth, since absolute truth in these situations are impossible. Her metaphors are powerful and shocking, but Nin was not an extreme surrealist. She believed in the fusing of the conscious and unconscious minds to allow one to see the total picture, instead of only looking from one point of view. Negative capability is best displayed in The House

Overloading in C, C++ and C# Definition

Overloading in C, C++ and C# Definition Function overloading allows functions in computer languages such as C, C, and C# to have the same name with different parameters. Operator overloading allows operators to work in the same manner. In C#, method overloading works with two methods that accomplish the same thing but have different types or numbers of parameters. An Example of Function Overloading Rather than have a differently named function to sort each type of array, such as: You can use the same name with different parameter types as shown here: The compiler is then able to call the appropriate function depending on the parameter type. Overload resolution is the term given to the process of selecting the appropriate overload function.   Operator Overloading Similar to function overloading, operator overloading allows programmers to redefine operators such as , - and *. For example, in a class for complex numbers where each number has a real and imaginary part, overloaded operators allow code such as this to work: As long as is overloaded for the type complex. Advantages of Overloading When Writing Code You end up with code that is easier to readOverloading is convenient and intuitiveAvoids clunky syntax  Consistency in naming and notationWorks well in templates and other constructs when you dont know the variable type at the time you are writing the code.

Proposal Background and Problem Statement Research Paper

Proposal Background and Problem Statement - Research Paper Example The practice is also suspected in the technology industry where manufacturers are suspected of producing all forms of viruses and harmful programs only to produce anti-viruses to be bought and used in treating the problems caused by the viruses. In the pharmaceutical industry, the phenomenon is referred to as disease mongering. This research shall look into various ways through which diseases are intentionally or unintentionally transfer from pharmacists and other health practitioners to patients and later taken advantage of because of the need for patients to seek cure to these diseases. Aims and Objectives This research proposal has an aim of identifying the relationship that exists between the drug manufacturing companies and diseases. To achieve this, the following specific objectives have been set. 1. To find out some of the intentional and unintentional ways through which diseases are manufactured in the laboratory. 2. To establish how disease hyping has been used as a trade st rategy for the sale of medicines. 3. To find the place of federal laws in fighting against any unfair deals associated with disease mongering. 4. To ascertain whether people are being made to invest excessively more on their health than their health risk actually demands. Significance of the Study The completion of this study is of significant important to a multi-dimensional group of persons. In the first place, the pharmaceutical industry shall be made aware of some of their practices that lead to the spread and outbreak of diseases and how these can be contained. Again, the public shall be educated on some of the unacceptable means by which the pharmaceutical industry extorts their monies and thus the need to be highly mindful of their health budgets, especially towards promoted diseases. Finally, this research shall seek to protect human health against some common health sector practices such as the exposure to radiations and administration of certain medicines that go long ways to affect the health of people. Research Questions 1. In what ways does the pharmaceutical industry use corruptible means to extort monies from the public through the manufacture of diseases? 2. Are there laws that check the occurrence of disease mongering in our society? 3. Is there enough education for the public on how to guard themselves against practices of the health sector that promote diseases? 4. In what ways can the public different between a genuine campaign against diseases and one that only seeks to hype diseases for selfish gains? Limitations This research shall face a number of limitations in its conduct. For instance the pharmaceutical industry, which is under scrutiny here, may not be very willing to be co-operative with the researchers in finding facts and data on the problem of disease mongering. This is highly anticipated as the research seeks to expose certain corrupt practices associated with disease mongering. The researchers also face a limitation of carryin g out the most rightly prescribed information to the general public. This point is made against the backdrop that readers may be ill-informed to assume that all forms of medical campaigns against diseases constitute disease mongering and so they must always brush such campaigns aside. If this happens, the aim of the research will be defeated because the research seek

Promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Promotion - Essay Example Concerning the placement of the advertisement, the Australian laws prohibit any kind of deception in an advertisement and the Advertisement Standards Bureau (ASB) is tasked with ensuring compliance. In addition, any advertisement viewed as untruthful or dishonest or one that deceitfully targets children is not allowed (ASB p.2). As for ‘Tastie’, no falsehood shall be witnessed because the ingredients shall be the ones placed on the advertisement cover. Secondly, it shall not feature any child to avoid misinterpretation. Instead, the tagline of â€Å"Australia’s best chocolate pop for all† shall be used to imply the suitability of the products across all age group. This advertisement will be placed on family magazines- Offspring and The Australian family to be precise reason being that these are very popular and the fact that the content printed is mainly family-related. Additionally, the major newspapers like Herald sun, Courier mail and the Daily telegraph shall also be used as platforms due to the high demand. For the TV, the advertisement will be aired on ABC due to the high viewership and this will happen during the night sport news. The importance of placing it at this time is to capitalize on the audience, which is quite high at this time. Concerning the budget, the ABC’s cost is around AUD$ 1000 for 30 seconds at the prime time. It will be placed 3 times a week. As for the newspaper, the will appear daily on the back pages to lower the cost while on the magazines will be once a month. In total, the budget is expected to be around AUD $ 4000 weekly and the projected sales from these advertisements are expected to bring in twice a s much. With internet having advanced a notch higher in this century, social networking sites shall play a significant role in popularizing this product. Firstly, in the Australian advertising laws, any product, which implies or encourages promotion, is regarded as

Do You Believe that Our Sex and Gender Rules are Social Constructions Term Paper

Do You Believe that Our Sex and Gender Rules are Social Constructions - Term Paper Example This essay declares that the gender of newborn had to be identified based on the genitalia, and in cases of â€Å"ambiguous† genitalia, babies had to undergo reparative surgery, whereas the clinical staff assigned a corresponding gender to a child. After the gender was surgically assigned to the baby, it was socially reinforced through various identifications such as clothing, bringing up process, etc. The cases of surgical procedures on reparation children’s genitalia, defined by clinicians as Disorders of Sexual Development perfectly illustrate how people are trying to â€Å"adapt biological diversity to socially constructed sex-gender binary†. This project stresses that nowadays, variation in genders is a more acceptable issue in society and has increased interest in the medical community. Comparing the two articles written by Fausto-Sterling in 7-years interval it is possible to see that during a quite small period of time human perception of intersexuals as full-fledged unit of society has increased significantly. Whether the other three sexes will be soon recognized fully by the society or not, providing those individuals with absolutely equal conditions and treatment, is not known. The only thing that is definitely clear is that scientific research and time do change social perception of the human body. The things perceived a century ago as nonsense, nowadays are viewed as absolutely common and understandable.

Free

Free schools Essay Are an interesting idea but the government needs to be very careful to make sure that educational standards improve for all children and that the whole community benefits. The idealogy behind free Schools are that they are non-profit making, independent, state-funded schools. They are able to choose what subjects they choose for their pupils to study and have many less restrictions imposed on them on how they choose to allocate their finances. For this very reason free schools would be varied in their nature as they would not be forced to follow for example the national curriculum. They are not defined by size or location: there is not a single type of free school or a single reason for setting them up. Free schools could be either primary or secondary schools. They could be located in traditional school buildings or appropriate community spaces such as office buildings or church halls. They could be set up by a wide range of proposers including charities, universities, businesses, educational groups, visionary teachers or committed parents who want to make a difference to the educational landscape. They might be needed because there simply are not enough school places in a local area and children have to travel too far to the nearest school. Free schools are not academically selective and open to children of all abilities. School is a defining factor in our lives and also promote a shared sense of community which is important as cohesive communities are generally more happy and safe than uncohesive ones there is no discrimination or segregation and they nurture a shared set of beliefs and values and goals, living together in harmony and mutual respect. An example of a community that lacks this is Oldham in which the races, Asians and whites were segregated and this triggered violent race riots. This happened due to the immense divide between Asian and White communities and their inability to mix and appreciate one another. This event made me think that this was very bad for the community and did nothing but encourage racial segregation. Looking at the footage of the riots of 2001 it is clear that situation could have been easily avoided had everyone learnt to appreciate one another. Community cohesion is about ensuring that all people from different backgrounds and communities feel they belong to the place in which they live. We cannot realise our ambitions by living in isolation to one another, it must be as a united city, where the differences of race, colour, and religion are embraced. A sense of community cohesion as we grow up makes us happier in general and encourages us to be unprejudiced and non-racist. Our distinctive character is developed early on in life and to be encouraged to mix with other people with different beliefs and religions helps promote a safer and on the whole a more happier and strong community. We start school within the first few years of our lives and being mixed with different people at this institution endorses a stronger community. We spend a good part of a decade at school so there is no doubt that school will be largely responsible for our values and beliefs, as well as our personality. Depending on what school we go to we are thrust into a shared community and we learn to get along and share beliefs. As stated in the Source material, Being part of a community helps us develop an identity a sense of who we are. An uncohesive community has exactly the opposite effect, and children growing up in an uncohesive community can grow up to have negative views and not feel like they belong and the can feel like they do not have a stake in society and being able to join in and influence decisions that affect their lives. When David Cameron and Nick Clegg (leaders of the Conservative party and the Liberal Democrat party) were elected to form a coalition government in 2010, one of the Conservatives policies were the Big Society which was apparently based on a model of Balsall Heath A town with low levels of community cohesion. The idea of the Big Society was that people take greater control of their communities and not rely on the government and local authorities to provide services like schools, community centres, youth clubs. This town has now been transformed and the town is now clean and tidy and people of all different cultural backgrounds mix. The most positive effects of this were that community cohesion increased in a drastic way. There is no doubt that there are some beneficial aspects of free schools such as people of all different ethnicities mixing together as a free school is not academically selective. This discourages discrimination and community cohesion. Some people may argue that the current government is trying to distance themselves from responsibility and segregate society but I believe that David Cameron is good to encourage people to take action if they are deprived of something that will be a credit to the community. Further argument counteracting this is that some people think that such people in deprived areas are not skilled or have enough knowledge to undertake a difficult project of opening a school, particularly a secondary school. A quote from a recent article of the Telegraph states These kids will be left behind, because the second point is that, if you set up a market mechanism, then there are winners and losers, but, in this case the losers are children, left behind in a sink school. The endorsement of free schools is debatable, but interesting. Nick Clegg declared on the 5th September in his speech Free schools would not become the preserve of the privileged few' which outlines the fact that he thinks free schools would in effect privatize the education system and allow the new institutions to cream off the best pupils and resources. On the other hand the Education Secretary Michael Gove who wholeheartedly believes that free schools will end the rationing of good education. He believes that free schools to replace failing comprehensives will give all children access to the kind of education only the rich can afford. He outlines this in Source 1 as well as saying free schools will cut the achievement gap between rich and poor. However , free schools could lead to social segregation as middle class parents are likely to be very keen on them, leading to a situation where middle class and working class people do not mix. This could end up with middle class children going to good schools and working class children remaining in local authority schools where there is very little funding. Another group who are really keen on free schools are faith groups and this could lead to segregation on religious grounds. Standards for school would therefore not rise uniformly for everyone which would be a big disadvantage and there would also be low community cohesion which is explained above. I personally think it is unfair that some pupils dont have the opportunity to go to a high achieving school as I went through this whole school lottery trying for three high achieving schools but I failed to get into any of them, simply because I was out of the catchment area. It is worth setting up free schools in deprived areas where children are forced to go to a low achieving school, so they have the same opportunities that wealthier children have. Michael Gove planned to branch out free schools here after apparent success in America with free schools, where 99 free schools have been established. Evidence suggests that 83% of free schools in the USA are doing no better than their conventional counterparts which brings me to question whether the opening of free schools really are beneficial and whether the opening of them would cut the bridge between rich and poor. However in further research some students in these schools feel that they are in a better position in a free school where they apply rigorous discipline and are challenging. This again makes the idea of free schools questionable. In Source 3, a group of six hundred parents expressed their desire for their children to go to a school other than the local state school. This brings about the conclusion that if this many parents are unhappy with the type of provision of state schooling institutions, something must be done. This opinion is also met with Rachel Wolfs in Source 4 who argues that hundreds of parents have suffered too long from a two tier education system one in which the wealthy can get into the excellent local school by buying a house in the right catchment area or paying school fees, while less off parents are stuck. I believe this is an extremely unfair system and one in which the wealthy seem to have it all and working class citizens are stuck in a never ending rut. In Source 5 another parents view is expressed, where she expresses her desire for a school in which most of its students could walk to and not sending their children 4 miles away. Source 6 promotes the fact that some people are planning to profit from the governments initiative seeking to profit at the expense of the taxpayer states Ed Balls in Source 8. He continues with Since free schools introduced a free schools policy the countrys education standards in maths and scince have plummeted. This Source brings about more negativity on the topic of free schools and questions the beneficial aspects of free schools. Source 7, an extract adapted from the website of the National Union of Teachers promotes an opinion of high negativity towards free schools, of which 24 have opened this September. A quote of this source is This governments attack on state education has to be opposed. Laws to create many more academies and the new so called free schools are an attack on the very existence of free, state comprehensive education which is democratically accountable. It is privatisation on a grand scale and is unacceptable. From my research many people agree with the condemning of free schools with NASUWT stating The free schools programme will be anything but free. Free schools are an unnecessary and costly gamble in educating the countrys children. The Government is simply not acting responsibly by not making clear where the money will come from to fund the free schools policy. Major education programmes have in the last few weeks been cut or frozen. The public would be right to be concerned that money saved from other education programmes will be used to fund the free schools policy. There is yet more negativity on the introduction of free schools with ATL an education union saying Parents or teachers misguided enough to set up a free school will soon find out that running a school needs a lot more than knowing pupils names and an alternative vision of education. It needs knowledge of employment law, health and safety and the admissions code. And private companies are waiting in the wings to provide these services. ATL has produced a directory listing the major organisations which want to get involved in managing state schools Englands schools: not open for business. These all show there is much negativity on free schools. Also NASUWT outlines the fact that it is not clear where the money to fund free schools will come from which brings about the conclusion that the government are taking money from existing state schools which may not benefit the majority of children in the local area. In Source 9 a blogger wrote her opinion which depicts that instead of reducing segregation free schools would in fact increase it, by being highly selective especially for parents who are forcefully ambitious in their choice of school, leaving behind children, for whom there may not be a voice. In Source 10 we look at Sweden, which already has free schools implemented but a person called Per Thulberg who analysed this said schools had not led to better results and Michael Gove contradicted this stating that if parents had more choice then existing schools would be forced to improve, but Per Thurlberg said better results simply came from students with better backgrounds going into those schools. These statistics suggest that free schools may not bring about better results and will not determine that there are better quality schools for the public to choose from which was the point of free schools being created in the first place. Free schools may simply be taking money from the local comprehensive where students may inevitably end up. Another factor which questions the beneficial aspects of free schools are the growing popularity of faith schools demands to build more faith schools in the form of free schools are reportedly growing this is a feature which some say will segregate society further and not promote community cohesion. http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-2046715/Richard-Dawkins-attacks-alien-rubbish-taught-Muslim-faith-schools. html http://www. guardian. co.uk/education/2011/oct/04/alarm-over-racial-segregation-london-schools. These articles especially the second depict the racial segregation that faith schools may cause. I think personally that large numbers of faith schools in Britain will not benefit the society as a whole. In conclusion and to be fair and in all honesty it is just too soon to say whether free schools are going to be a good thing and create a more fair educational society for all of us. It is very clear that the present system is not working and puts immense pressure on both parents and children to fulfill the need to attend a good school. Once parents were allowed to see the published national league tables of which schools perform well as opposed to which schools did not, it was only a matter of time before wealthy parents were able to move to a catchment area to secure the best school places for their children leaving behind the poorer child to accept whatever was on offer. This has caused a very great divide in good and average performing schools and caused a lot of low morale for many parents in this country. If free schools can address this major issue it can only be a good thing. However, it can be argued that the odds are stacked against them. In our present times with our bleak economic outlook any system that is trying to get on its feet will gobble a lot of financial resources and one has to look at where this money is coming from and whether our already existing state schools who do not join in will suffer as a result. Competition is whole heartedly healthy generally in a society but not an unfair one where competition takes place in schools where clever kids are already creamed off and able to go to better schools. This can be a major disadvantage and in itself causes segregation of a different sort. I feel that if people are inspired to take on the opportunity of setting up a free school then they probably have a vision of a better , alternative system they are aspiring to which is a good thing as the government has set up a lot of stringent conditions which have to be passed to set up a free school. In all, apathy and not doing anything to address the issues in our schools is a worse misdemeanor than at least trying to see whether free schools hold the answer to our problems and so we can only hope for our future generations that free schools work. As in everything in life only time will tell.

Of Mice and Men Comparison Essay -- essays research papers

In the story, there are two oddly paired men, who travel side by side and support each other with the goal of living the ideal life. In a world of loneliness and trouble, these characters, George and Lennie, find comfort within the presence of each other. Another friendship within the story is between Candy and his dog. In John Steinbeck’s novella, Of Mice and Men, the author suggests that the friendships between the two sets of individuals have parallel connections. By observing the characters’ position in society, the meaning of their relationship with one another, and the killing of their companion, we can conclude that there are similarities between the two partnerships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both sets of friends have their designated positions in society. George and Candy act as the supporters in the relationship. Lennie and the dog, however, are dependent upon their supporters to exist in society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœYou know how the hands are, they just come in and get their bunk and work   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a month, and then they quit and go out alone. Never seem to give a damn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  about nobody. It jus’ seems kinda funny a cuckoo like him and a smart little   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  guy like you travelin’ together.’ (39) Lennie is marginalized as the â€Å"cuckoo† character that is rather unintelligent and useless. George is clearly established as the man with the intelligence and the supporter of Lennie. Slim see...

Fighting, Ruben Wolfe

Fighting Ruben Wolfe by Markus Zusak Fighting Ruben Wolfe is just a novel about teenage boys fighting. Discuss. Fighting Ruben Wolfe by Markus Zusak is not just about teenage boys fighting. It is also about two teenagers growing up with their family facing financial issues and about family relationships. Family in Fighting Ruben Wolfe is shown by the family being brought closer together, but they struggle because the father is currently unemployed and the mother is working two jobs, so it feels like the parents aren’t for their children as much as they were before Mr Wolfe’s accident.Mr and Mrs Wolfe are stressed because they can’t pay all the bills and as a result they can’t look after their children as well as they used to. At the beginning of the book, Sarah comes home drunk and Cameron and Ruben are at the dog track a lot. Once the boys started fighting, Mr and Mrs Wolfe don’t notice the bruises on the boys. These problems for the Wolfe family c learly show that Fighting Ruben Wolfe is just as much about family as fighting. It also shows that the family are facing financial issues. Financial issues in Fighting Ruben Wolfe by Markus Zusak are shown by family having very little money.They have hardly any money because Mr Wolfe is unemployed. In Chapter 6 of Fighting Ruben Wolfe, the first paragraph proves that they have very little money â€Å"The phone has been cut of because we don’t have the money to pay the bill. Or really Mum and Dad don’t have the money to pay it. Steve or Sarah could pay but there’s no way. It’s not allowed. It’s not even considered. † The main two characters, Cameron and Ruben have started to fight illegally so they could earn money to help pay for their bit. So there is fighting in the novel, but it is not just about fighting.These examples demonstrate that there are also financial issues in the novel. Fighting Ruben Wolfe by Markus Zusak is not just a novel about teenage boys fighting, it’s also about two teenagers growing up, showing there struggles in life, and also shows what two normal teenagers will do for their family. But the brother’s soon find out that there not just fighting for money, but also for identity, for dignity, and for each other. When Mr. Wolfe finally accepts that their broke, he goes down to Centrelink to get the doll. But as proud as Cameron and Ruben are, they go and try to stop him.Finally the parents find out that they fight. They don’t act kindly to this at the start, but then they realize how important this is to them and then they let them still compete. They keep on fighting and end up fighting each other in the end, but because both brothers are very series about their fighting, the fight series and Ruben defeats Cameron, But Cameron is very proud and didn’t give up till the very wnd. This book has taught me to be grateful for what I have and to always respect my family, this book was very interesting and I thoroughly enjoyed it. By Liam Truscott 9a

National Statistics of Health Essay

Government statistics The office of National Statistics providing a large range of health and care issues, Publications includes Social Trends and, for more detailed information on health issues, Health Statistical Quarterly. The publication provide a wide range of statistics on birth rates and death rates; infant mortality rate and suicide rates as well as appointments GP’s surgeries and hospital admissions, and these are looked into as social class, gender, age and geographical location. Government statistics also includes the morbidity rates rather than just the mortality rates, which is the amount of people in a specified period of particular diseases in probably a year. They question if it has increased or decreased, then for to be more open and specific they look in to sex, age, geographical location and social class. They will precisely measure the morbidity rates, measured in terms of prevalence of a disease; the total number of cases of specific disease in a certain time and population. Mortality rates and infant mortality rates are usually made for a indicator of health and well-being of population as a whole. Health and well being may be declining within those groups is assumed is a sign, when they are higher or rising in a particular location, or among a particular social group leads to this lie in their social and economic environment. Mortality rates are collected from the official and necessary registration of death. Mortality rates are gathered from the different sources counting GP and hospital appointments, hospital admissions and the registration well known diseases. There has been more according of measuring levels of ill health. Difficulties in measuring health Always important to quote the source of the data when referring to statistics and using them in your work. Statistics should always be treated with awareness. You may not get an accurate picture of health and ill health when the statistics are gathered from official sources. For example some people who aren’t ill assume they are and attend to the doctors, and the ones that are don’t proceed to go to the doctors. Doctors could also assume two different diagnoses, for example one of the patients has been described as depressed just because they feel low and have no energy, as the other patient could be diagnose by post- viral fatigue syndrome. Another doctor  could simply say it’s an result of just them not wanting to go to work. Social class and patterns of health and illness Social Class is linked to health because of four different reasons highlighted in the Black Report, The artifact approach is where the data between the higher and lower classes is not accurate enough, it’s a result of the way the data is source and collected. The social selection explanation is when people who are fitter and in better health have a better chance of being employed in better jobs. In comparison to people in lower social groups according to this theory will suffer more ill health and premature death because they are naturally less healthy and fit. Cultural explanations is when lifestyle choices are made regarding diet, smoking, exercise have an impact and make people less healthy than others in the higher social groups. People from the lower class occupations work in more manual situations than the upper class occupations. This can have a bad effect on the manual workers health as they are exposed to lifting and harmful environments. Statistics are treated with c aution however there is a great amount of evidence that health, ill health and life expectancy are unsure according to social group and importantly social class. People with a higher class are living better and enjoying better health, rather than the lower social group. The Black (Townsend et al), report the most influential modern studies that consider the reasons of differences. And following of by that are the Acheson Report (1998) defining and explaining comprehensive explanations of the relationships, with in the social and environment factors and health illness and life expectancy. The Black Report introduced four types of explanations of ways that will account for the differences in levels of illness and life expectancy, experienced by variety of social classes. The researches were made to think that the changes in health and well being were affected by how much their pay rate is; their income which then affects the environment they live in, quality and housing. There are four sociological explanations, 1 the statistical artefact explanation, 2 material or structural explanations, 3 cultural or behaviour explanations and number 4, the natural or social selection. The statistical artefact explanation The Black Report explains that the differences could not be defined by the point that the statistics produced a biased picture. They disagreed with people in the lower social class had a higher number of older people and people working in the usual ways to be in more dangerous industries , and would expect that they would have higher levels in illness, then the more younger people working in offices, cal centres and the other services industries. This shows that it’s not much of a social class more about the age, structure and patterns of employment of people, in the lowest classes which really describe the differences. Recently there has still been shown of links between the low social class and high levels of illness and lower life expectancy even when it has been researched for the bias in employment and age. Natural or Social selection The reason for illness is apparently associated to having low wages, poverty, poor housing making people ill in the lower social class. It’s also been said that there is higher infant mortality rates and lower life expectancy for adults; however, it is the other way round. The people in the lower social class being in poor health aim for promotions and success. On the other had this explanation for sociologist is denied , they think because there is evidence to show that ill health is caused by the deprived reason other than making it happen. Cultural or behavioural explanations This concentrates on the choices and life decision people make, their life styles and behaviour in the lower social classes. They explain evidence with people in lower class, smoke more, drink more, eat more junk food and have lack in exercise, according to having a poor life style. Also are more likely to die of heart disease, form of cancer, bronchitis and diabetes all because of the poor lifestyle choices. They smoke and drink to help them cope with their life difficult circumstances that come across, not the other way round. Material or structural explanations The material explanation is known to think the social groups for whom life expectancy is less, and the infant whom mortality rates are to go higher. Suffering poorer health then the other groups, straight forward explanation for that are inequalities in wealth and income. Poverty occurs when having  low incomes, which then leads to having poor diets, lacking in everything else they need to live every day.