The Geography of Oceania, the Pacific Islands

Oceania is the name of the region consisting of island groups within the Central and South Pacific Ocean. It spans over 3.3 million square miles (8.5 million sq km). Some of the countries included in Oceania are Australia, New Zealand, Tuvalu, Samoa, Tonga, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Palau, Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, Kiribati,  and Nauru. Oceania also includes several dependencies and territories such as American Samoa, Johnston Atoll,  and French Polynesia. Physical Geography In terms of its physical geography, the islands of Oceania are often divided into four different sub-regions based on the geologic processes playing a role in their physical development. The first of these is Australia. It is separated because of its location in the middle of the Indo-Australian Plate and the fact that, due to its location, there was no mountain building during its development. Instead, Australias current physical landscape features were formed mainly by erosion. The second landscape category in Oceania is the islands found on the collision boundaries between the Earths crustal plates. These are found specifically in the South Pacific. For example, at the collision boundary between the Indo-Australian and Pacific plates are places like New Zealand, Papua New Guinea,  and the Solomon Islands. The North Pacific portion of Oceania also features these types of landscapes along the Eurasian and Pacific plates. These plate collisions are responsible for the formation of mountains like those in New Zealand, which climb to over 10,000 feet (3,000 m). Volcanic islands such as Fiji are the third category of landscape types found in Oceania. These islands typically rise from the seafloor through hotspots in the Pacific Ocean basin. Most of these areas consist of very small islands with high mountain ranges. Finally, coral reef islands and atolls such as Tuvalu are the last type of landscape found in Oceania. Atolls specifically are responsible for the formation of low-lying land regions, some with enclosed lagoons. Climate Most of Oceania is divided into two climate zones. The first of these is temperate and the second is tropical. Most of Australia and all of New Zealand are within the temperate zone and most of the island areas in the Pacific are considered tropical. Oceanias temperate regions feature high levels of precipitation, cold winters, and warm to hot summers. The tropical regions in Oceania are hot and wet year round. In addition to these climatic zones, most of Oceania is impacted by continuous trade winds and sometimes hurricanes (called tropical cyclones in Oceania) which have historically caused catastrophic damage to countries and islands in the region. Flora and Fauna Because most of Oceania is tropical or temperate, there is an abundant amount of rainfall which produces tropical and temperate rainforests throughout the region. Tropical rainforests are common in some of the island countries located near the tropics, while temperate rainforests are common in New Zealand. In both of these types of forests, there is a plethora of plant and animal species, making Oceania one of the worlds most biodiverse regions. It is important to note, however, that not all of Oceania receives abundant rainfall, and portions of the region are arid or semiarid. Australia, for example, features large areas of arid land which have little vegetation. In addition, El Nià ±o has caused frequent droughts in recent decades in Northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Oceanias fauna, like its flora, is also extremely biodiverse. Because much of the area consists of islands, unique species of birds, animals,  and insects evolved out of isolation from others. The presence of coral reefs such as the Great Barrier Reef and Kingman Reef also represent large areas of biodiversity and some are considered biodiversity hotspots. Population Most recently in 2018, Oceanias population was around 41 million people, with the majority centered in Australia and New Zealand. Those two countries alone accounted for more than 28 million people, while Papua New Guinea had a population of over 8 million. The remaining population of Oceania is scattered around the various islands making up the region. Urbanization Like its population distribution, urbanization and industrialization also vary in Oceania. 89% of Oceanias urban areas are in Australia and New Zealand and these countries also have the most well-established infrastructure. Australia, in particular, has many raw minerals and energy sources, and manufacturing is a large part of its and Oceanias economy. The rest of Oceania and specifically the Pacific islands are not well developed. Some of the islands have rich natural resources, but the majority do not. In addition, some of the island nations do not even have enough clean drinking water or food to supply to their citizens. Agriculture Agriculture is also important in Oceania and there are three types which are common in the region. These include subsistence agriculture, plantation crops ,  and capital-intensive agriculture. Subsistence agriculture occurs on most of the Pacific islands and is done to support local communities. Cassava, taro, yams, and sweet potatoes are the most common products of this type of agriculture. Plantation crops are planted on the medium tropical islands while capital-intensive agriculture is practiced mainly in Australia and New Zealand. Economy Fishing is a significant source of revenue because many islands have maritime exclusive economic zones that extend for 200 nautical miles and many small islands have granted permission to foreign countries to fish the region via fishing licenses.   Tourism is also important to Oceania because many of the tropical islands like Fiji offer aesthetic beauty, while Australia and New Zealand are modern cities with modern amenities. New Zealand has also become an area centered on the growing field of ecotourism.

Prostitution And Deviance Examination Of Theories...

Prostitution and Deviance: Examination of Theories Amongst Positivist and Constructionist Perspectives Within Society Deviance is behavior, beliefs or characteristics that many people in a society find or would find offensive and which excite, upon discovery, disapproval, punishment, condemnation, or hostility (Goode, 2011 p. 3). Most scientists will agree that a person s most basic needs, physiologically, are breathing, food, water, sleep, and sex. If all of these are the most basic to human s needs, then how can sex be thought of as an act that is deviant? Deviance can be any behavior, belief or thought, that one person or society does not agree with, so basically anything we do, say, or think, could be considered to be deviant through the eyes of another person, culture or society. Defined by Merriam-Webster s Concise Encyclopedia, Prostitution is the practice of engaging in sexual activity, usually with individuals other than a spouse or friend, in exchange for immediate payment in money or other valuables (Merriam-Webster, 2014). When looking at this definition, most would agree that prostitution is the epitome of deviance. Prostitution is also one of the oldest professions in history, dating back to the bible and the old western days. Depending on the time in history, the society involved, the culture of the people within those societies, prostitution has been considered legal, illegal, acceptable, or deviant. This view changes depending on the time,

Free Sample Solution on Introduction To Algorithms- My Assignment Help

Question: Discuss ? Use the Library and other resources to research divide-and-conquer sorting algorithms and how they compare to standard sorting algorithms? Answer: Introduction Two selected sorting algorithms based on divide and conquer technique are, quick sort and merge sort. Another sorting algorithm based on standard technique is bubble sort. In the following sections there will be discussions on three of these algorithms along with comparison between the algorithms based on divide and conquer technique and the algorithm based on standard technique. The comparison will reveal the differences between the performances of the algorithm, if there is any. Quick Sort Quick sort is a divide and conquer based sorting algorithm that is widely used. For an array of n elements, quick sort algorithm will work in the following way, It will pick the pivot element p from the array. Based on the selection of the pivot element the array will be divided into three sub arrays, The pivot element p itself. All elements that are less than p are in sub array 1. All elements that are larger than p are in sub array 2. Then the above steps will be repeated recursively for both of the sub arrays. In this way, in each iteration the selected pivot element will get its right place in the sorted array. Selection of the pivot element is very important for the time complexity of the quicksort algorithm. This is an in place sorting algorithm. As, the algorithm does three basic operation in each iteration, one partitioning and two recursive calls. Partitioning step has time complexity, (n). Hence, for an array with n elements, the time complexity will be, (Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, Stein, 2011) T(n) = (n) + T(i) + T(n 1- i) here, i is the size of the sub array 1 after partitioning. For initial conditions, T(0) = T(1) = 1. Now, the time complexities for best, average and worst cases are, Best Case Average Case Worst Case The median element is selected as the pivot element in each case. Hence, for an array with n elements, T(n) = (n) + 2T(n/2) = (nlogn) On average the time complexity of quick sort is also (nlogn).(MIT, 2015) The smallest or the largest element of the array has been selected as pivot element in each iteration. Hence, each time there will be one empty sub array and another sub array with one element less from the parent array. Hence, T(n) = (n) + T(n-1) = (n2) Merge Sort Merge sort is another divide and conquer based sorting algorithm that works in the following way, Given an unsorted list or array of n elements, the algorithm divides it recursively into n number of sub lists or sub array. In each iteration a sub list is broken down into halves. Then, the algorithm merges the sub lists repeatedly into sorted sub lists until there is only a single sorted sub list of n elements. The time complexity is, T(n) = 2T(n/2) + (n). Here, (n) is for merging of the n sub lists. Now, Best Case Average Case Worst Case This is (nlogn) Average case running time of merge sort is (nlogn) (Sedgewick Wayne, 2011) When two of the largest values are in two different sub lists. The worst case running time of merge sort is (nlogn). Bubble Sort In bubble sort, given an array of n elements, each element is compared with adjacent element to decide whether it is greater than, less than or same. Then two elements can be swapped based on the comparison. In each iteration, the largest element of the array will be pushed towards the end. The time complexity will be O(n2) as each element can be compared against rest of the elements. Best Case Average Case Worst Case In this case, the array is already sorted. Hence, only one comparison in each step will be needed. Hence, the time complexity is O(n). In average case, the time complexity is O(n2). (Kleinberg Tardos, 2013) In this case, the given array is reversely sorted. Hence the number of comparisons in each iteration will be, (n-1) + (n-2)+ + 2+1 = n(n-1)/2 = O(n2) Comparison of Time Complexities From the time complexity analysis of the algorithms, (McAllister, 2010) Algorithm Best Case Average Case Worst Case Quick sort (nlogn) (nlogn) (n2) Merge sort (nlogn) (nlogn) (nlogn) Bubble Sort O(n) O(n2) O(n2) As, asymptotically O(n2) is bigger than (nlogn), hence, the algorithms based on divide and conquer technique, reduce time for sorting. How Divide and Conquer helps in reduction of time complexity in sorting Divide and conquer use recursion to reduce the time complexity of sorting algorithm. It breaks the problem into smaller sub problem then solves those recursively rather than doing the same thing again and again for the entire problem. Reduction of the problem size helps in reducing the time for solving the problem. Thus time is saved. (Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, Stein, 2011). References Cormen, T. H., Leiserson, C. E., Rivest, R. L., Stein, C. (2011). Introduction to Algorithms. MIT Press. Kleinberg, J., Tardos, . (2013). Algorithm Design. Pearson. McAllister, W. (2010). Data Structures and Algorithms Using Java. Jones Bartlett Publishers. MIT. (2015). Introduction to Algorithms (SMA 5503). Retrieved from MIT OpenCourseWare: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-046j-introduction-to-algorithms-sma-5503-fall-2005/ Sedgewick, R., Wayne, K. (2011). Algorithms . Addison-Wesley Professional.

Traits That a Good Teacher Should Possess free essay sample

The word good can have quite a few interpretations. For the purpose of this essay, it is assumed that good here means, effective that is, a teacher can impart his knowledge and whatever other value it is his responsibility to spread to his charges. It is also assumed that the teacher under discussion is one who teaches secondary school. First of all, a teacher must know his profession thoroughly. He must know his subject beyond the point he intends to teach. He needs to be an expert. For example, if he is teaching literature, he should know all the plays of Shakespeare or at least most of them, rather than just the play he is teaching. He can then make cross references and answer all the questions that arise in the minds of his students. Knowing his subject is of no use if he does not know how, or not bother to, to teach it most effectively to his students. We will write a custom essay sample on Traits That a Good Teacher Should Possess or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though it is true that in a secondary school, student should take the responsibility for their own learning, it would be dull and boring to learn from a teacher who does not present his subject in an interesting manner. It is the teachers duty to promote love of his subject among his students. This he will do first by loving the subject himself. His enthusiasm and love for his subject will catch on with his students and if they learn to love a subject they can learn it better. A bad teacher, usually by his lack of enthusiasm and interest, will cause his subject to be hated. it is fir such reason that a teacher should adopt good teaching methods instead of resorting to easier methods like just reading out of textbook. Every teacher must be genuinely interested in his job. He must feel that it is his calling to develop young minds, and through them, to actually shape the destiny of the country and the world. He must be dedicated and caring at least to the point that it matters to him that his students learn all that they need to know. Over and above teaching his subject, a teacher has the responsibility to develop characters of the students in his life. Quite often, a teacher is a students role model. All of us who go through school, hero worship at least one teacher whom we would like to emulate. A teacher should always be aware of this responsibility. If by chance he were to show flexibility in ethics and morals, he is more or less giving a sanction to his charges that it is acceptable for them to e like that too. This applies to simple vices like smoking and more serious errors where the teacher fails to draw a clear line between good and bad behaviour. From this time immemorial, teachers have been the pillars of society. Staying in the background, at least for most of the time, they have been indirectly responsible for the advancement of the race. Often, it is their lot to go unnoticed. But time and again, all great men and women have been unsparing in their praise of teachers. this is by far their greatest responsibility: teachers are the ones who guarantee that our tomorrows will be as hood as, id not better than, our todays. By shaping characters they ensure that the world continues to be.